Artist
- 52. The "artist the aeroamatic workman"
less important than the "blowing"
salesman for the success of a type foundry.
Baker & Greele Type Foundry
- 38. Founded 1824 in Boston.
- 38. Edwin Starr, manager.
- 38. Drives from Starr Bros. Pittsburgh foundry.
- 38. Now owned by Hobert & Robbins
- 38. Eckman associates with "the old New England Type Foundry"
- 38. Eckman says that if was NETF then defunct in 1885 and
materials to Boston Type Foundry (and thence to
Kansas City Type Foundry)
Bruce uniformly says "Greely," which is no doubt how the name was
pronounced.
It is, however, "Greele."
(
{Annenberg 1994}, pp. 203-204)
Bank Note, printed letterpress, by White et. al.
Balls and Rollers [Printers', for inking]
- 48. Composition balls and rollers identified as a great advance.
- 48. Pelt balls and skin rollers identified as superseded.
- 48. Composition balls and rollers specifically identified as an
enabling factor in the production of ornamented types.
Bartlett, Caleb
- 50. Partnership with William Hagar as Hagar & Bartlett[1840],
with materials from foreclosed Conner foundry.
[Eckman disputes; see Hagar and Bartlett entry]
Bell, John
- 47. Started type foundry in NY City with
David Bruce Jr., Edward Pelouze (1831) as
"Bruce Pelouze & Co."
[Annenberg makes no mention of this in his chapter on Pelouze]
- 47. Bruce, Pelouze, Bell foundry dissolved "about one year"
after it starts; materials to
"a Stereotyping Company at Lancaster Mass."
Binny, Archibald
- 23. Biography of (by Bruce, not Eckman).
- 24. Biographical sketch, by Eckman.
- 26. Retires.
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list: 1811-01-29. Archibald Binny.
[1,424X, "Type Mould."]
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list: 1811-02-04. Archibald Binny.
[1,427X, "Smoothing or Rubbing Printers Types."]
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list: 1814-05-17. Archibald Binny.
[1,424X, "Moulds for Casting Printing Types."]
Binny, John
- 51. Identified as son of Archibald Binny.
- 51. Noted as having produced a good specimen in 1840 but
as having lacked success in business.
Binny & Ronaldson Type Foundry
- 23. First self-sustaining type foundry in the U.S.
- 20. Purchased some of the materials of Christopher Sower.
- 28. Eckman cites story of espionage against the foundry,
but not by Starr.
- 28. Citation by Eckman of Bullen for report of Starr's espionage
against Binny & Ronaldson for White (Eckman's notes)
Boston Type & Stereotype Foundry
- 34. Successor to the rebuilding of Carter & Little (1822),
formerly White's Type Foundry,
with materials supplied by George Bruce.
- 34. Invests heavily in Edwin Starr and Stephen Sturdevant's
type caster (1827).
- 59-60. Trials of Starr & Sturdevant type caster,
in 1827, "ruinous".
- 12. Purchases David Bruce Jr.'s pivotal type caster no. 2.
- 59-60. Bruce implies that many attempted to plagiarize
type caster developments of others, including
those supported by the
Boston Type & Stereotype Foundry.
He mentions Cobb, Robb, G. B. Lothian, and Edward Pelouze Sr.,
but exempts James Stewart.
- 64-65. Conducted trials of Bruce pivotal caster No. 2 under Michael Dalton.
Accepted this machine.
- 65. Relations with described as "honorable, amicable & pleasant."
Brandt, Lauritz
- 59 n60. Bibliographical info on Brandt, by Eckman.
- 59. Machinist in the employ of George Bruce.
- 59. Took David Bruce Jr.'s type caster No. 1 to Germany and sold it
"for a good profit."
- 63-64. Sent by George Bruce to examine
David Bruce Jr.'s pivotal caster No. 2.
In fact, Brandt pirated Bruce's pivotal type caster and sold it as his own.
But it would appear that he sold a machine based on Bruce's No. 1
machine, even though he was an examiner of the No. 2 machine.
(See the note "Brandt" in the Pivotal Type Caster entry, below,
and
{Saxe 2013})
Brewster, Abel
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list: 1811-07-15. "Geo. Brewster type casting Hartford
Con."
[datamp.org has no record of any such patent,
but it does list 2,637X by Abel Brewster of Hartford, CT
on 1816-07-15
for "Uses of Types in Guarding Banks Notes Against Forgery."
The position of this entry in Bruce's list suggests that he
meant 1816.]
Brewster, George
Probably a misprint for Abel Brewster (q.v.)
Bruce, David, Jr.
- vii. Age when completed this manuscript.
- viii. Awarded silver medal by the Franklin Institute
- viii. Gift and testimonial from
- Lawrence Johnson (Johnson Type Foundry)
- James Conner (Conner Type Foundry)
- Phelps & Dalton / Boston Type Foundry
- viii. Bibliography of his writings.
- ix-x. History of this manuscript.
- 15. Bibliography entry for letters with James Conner (1860), by
Eckman.
- 46. Manager for A. W. Kinsley foundry in Albany (1829).
- 46. Sells punches to James Conner for start of Conner's foundry.
- 46. He had been using these punches as nails.
- 47. Starts type foundry in NY City with
Edward Pelouze and John Bell (1831) as
"Bruce Pelouze & Co."
[Annenberg makes no mention of this in his chapter on Pelouze]
- 47. Bruce, Pelouze, Bell foundry dissolved "about one year"
after it starts; materials to
"a Stereotyping Company at Lancaster Mass."
- 47. Listed as one of five "letter cutters" in US to 1839.
- 51. Provides faces (but maybe only use of punches)
for startup of Dickinson Type Foundry.
- 7-8. At Geo. Bruce Type Foundry in 1833, with Peter Cortelyou.
- 56-57. Checks the patent literature in 1836
before embarking on his development work.
- 9. Attempts manufacture of type with his Model No. 1 casting machine,
ca. 1838.
- 58. Leaves Geo. Bruce Type Foundry in 1834 [sic] to develop his
type casting machine.
- 58. Sacrified earnings of previous two years at Geo. Bruce
upon leaving.
- 58. "Withdrew to his father's farm in N.J."
- 58. Patent for his first type casting machine dated 1838-03-17
[Eckman identifes as US patent No. 632].
- 58. He gives the same patent date, 1838-03-17,
for his type rubbing machine,
but this is actually 1838-03-10 (US patent No. 631).
- 63. George Bruce Purchases David Bruce Jr.'s 1838 patent in 1840 and
"gradually adopted its use in his foundry."
- 63. Sells to George Bruce the right of first refusal on his work
subsequent to his pivotal caster No. 1.
- 63. Develops his pivotal type caster No. 2
[the machine of his 1843 patent].
- 63-64. Lauritz Brandt, machinist to George Bruce, examines
David Bruce Jr.'s pivotal caster No. 2.
Brandt misrepresented it as unworthy of adoption.
- 10. Bruce No. 2 machine, ca. 1841, inspected for, misrepresented to,
and rejected by George Bruce.
- 12. Bruce No. 2 machine purchased by Boston Type & Stereotype Foundry
in 1845.
- 64-65. David Bruce Jr.'s pivotal type caster No. 2
tested extensively by
Boston Type & Stereotype Foundry and Michael Dalton;
rights to New England purchased by them.
- 50. William Hagar accused by Bruce of
swindling him out of his patent rights.
- 65. An unspecified person was
not
"honorable, amicable & pleasant" with regard to
David Bruce, Jr.'s patent rights.
[Eckman thinks it was either William Hagar or Edward Pelouze, Sr.]
- 65. Date of this manuscript (Brooklyn, Nov 14. 1874).
See also
Pivotal type caster
Bruce, David, Sr.
- 30. Learns stereotyping in England.
- 31. Portrait of.
- 33. Retires (1820)
- 38. Experiments by David Bruce Sr. and George B. Lothian (1826);
communicated to Elihu White and probably William Johnson.
Bruce, David, Sr. or Jr. [unknown which]
- 49. Provided drives for the start of the Lewis Pelouze type foundry
of Philadelphia.
Bruce, David Wolfe (1824-1895)
- 3. Dates and brief biographical sketch by Eckman.
Bruce, George (1781-1866)
- 3 n1. Dates.
- 4-5.
Popularized the pivotal type caster.
- 6 n6. Biographical bibliography.
- 29-33. And founding of firm of David & George Bruce
[Bruce's NY Type Foundry]
- 39. Gives a matrix to William Johnson for experimenting.
- 42. Provides a part of the materials for the startup of
Alonzo W. Kinsley's foundry in Albany.
- 47. Listed as one of five "letter cutters" in US to 1839.
- 58. Opposed to David Bruce Jr.'s wish to develop a type caster.
- 62-63. His determined efforts led to the acceptance of machine
type casting.
- 63. "the successful introducer of Steam type casting in the
United States"
[but conflict here with first introduction of steam by
Cincinnati branch of White's Type Foundry,
probably with a Mann & Sturdevant machine?
Is this "successful introduction" vs. "first introduction"?]
- 63. George Bruce Purchases David Bruce Jr.'s 1838 patent in 1840 and
"gradually adopted its use in his foundry."
- 63. George Bruce's adoption of David Bruce Jr.'s machine No. 1
in 1840
marks "the general successful introduction of machine cast type".
- 63. Acquires right of first refusal on work of
David Bruce Jr. subsequent to Bruce's pivotal caster No. 1.
- 63-64. Sends Lauritz Brandt to examine
David Bruce Jr.'s pivotal caster No. 2.
- 64. Bruce's pivotal caster No. 2 [which he rejected] was
"in reality constructed for his particular use,
& at his suggestion.
Bruce & Lothian Type Casting Experiments
- 38. Experiments by David Bruce Sr. and George B. Lothian (1826);
communicated to Elihu White and probably William Johnson.
Bruce' NY Type Foundry (David [Sr.] & George Bruce)
- 30. Denied unbearded type and long [high] spacing by
existing type foundries.
- 30. Purchase materials of Starr brothers.
- 33. Purchase materials of George Baxter Lothian (1817).
- 34. Invests in Starr & Sturdevant's type caster (1827).
- 63. George Bruce Purchases David Bruce Jr.'s 1838 patent in 1840 and
"gradually adopted its use in his foundry."
Bruce Pelouze & Co.
- 47. NY City.
David Bruce Jr., Edward Pelouze and John Bell (1831) as
"Bruce Pelouze & Co."
[Annenberg makes no mention of this in his chapter on Pelouze]
- 47. Bruce, Pelouze, Bell foundry dissolved "about one year"
after it starts; materials to
"a Stereotyping Company at Lancaster Mass."
- 49. Edward Pelouze takes drives from
Bruce Pelouze & Co. to start his own foundry.
[Annenberg, p. 211, dates this to 1830]
Bruce, Wallace
- ix. Identified as punch cutter.
- ix. Gives this manuscript to the ATF library.
Buell, Abel
- x. Material on him by Lawrence C. Wroth.
- 18. Mentioned.
- 20-13. Type Foundry of.
Buffalo Branch of White Type Foundry
- 54. Elihu White said to have a "controlling interest."
- 54. Used Mann & Sturdevant type caster.
I am unclear as to the relationship or separation of the
Buffalo branch of White's type foundry (Annenberg cites it as starting in
1817, with no records of its early days)
and the
Buffalo Type Foundry of Nathan Lyman
(founded in 1835 when he bought out White's share of the former
A. W. Kinsley foundry in Albany and moved it to Buffalo).
Buffalo Type Foundry
- 42. Started by Nathan Lyman with the materials of the former
type foundry of A. W. Kinsley
(jointly owned at this time by Lyman and Elihu White;
Lyman bought out White's share on his move to Buffalo).
- 42. Lyman's foundry [Buffalo Type Foundry] survives until
time of writing. [It survived until the 1892 ATF amalgamation.]
Bullen, Grace
- ix-x. And history of this manuscript.
Bullen, Henry Lewis
- viii-ix. Writings on David Bruce Jr.
Carter & Little
- 34. Owners of the former Boston branch of White's Type Foundry;
burned in 1822 and succeeded by
the Boston Type & Stereotype Foundry
Choker Valve
- 61. Invented by John J. Sturgis in 1849.
- 61. US patent 6,243 [Eckman's identification],
[issued 1949-03-27, but antedated to 1848-09-27].
- 61. Introduced by Sturgis to Great Britain.
Cincinnati Branch, White's Type Foundry [later Cincinnati Type Foundry]
- 40. Founded by Elihu White in 1829 with Oliver Wells as
"partner and manager."
- 40 n 38. Eckman note that MacKellar gave date for Cincinnati branch
as 1817; biblio from
Typographic Advertiser.
- 40. Uses White's type casting machines
(probably a Mann & Sturdevant type caster).
- 40. First to use steam power for type casting machines
(probably the the Mann & Sturdevant type casters).
- 54. Used Mann & Sturdevant type caster.
Cobb, William
- 60. Of Kinsley & Co. type foundry, Albany, NY.
- 60. Experiments in type casting machines;
cited as a plagiarist by Bruce.
Collier, William R.
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list:
1830-01-09. "Wm. R. Cotier type casting Boston Ms"
[There is no indication of such a patent in datamp.org.
Eckman corrects this entry to W. R. Collier, 1830-02-09.
datamp.org lists this as 5,822X, William R. Collier, Boston, MA,
"Casting and Setting Types."]
Conkwright, P. J.
- 24-25. "Binny & Ronaldson's First Type."
Printing and Graphic Arts.
1: 27-35 (May 1953).
Conner, James (1798-1861)
- 45. Biographical sketch by Eckman.
- 46. Main entry by Bruce.
- 15. Bibliography entry for letters with David Bruce Jr. (1860), by
Eckman.
- viii. Gift and testimonial to David Bruce Jr.
- 43. Purchases ex-Albany (ultimately ex-Pittsburgh) materials from
J. C. Stoneall; these
"formed the nucleus of the now extensive foundry of
'James Conners, Sons'"
(Bruce says 1839 here,
but Annenberg dates Conner Type Foundry to 1829).
- 44. Resolves to start a type foundry with George B. Lothian;
immediate quarrel.
Conner starts his type foundry alone in 1829.
- 45. Materials in Conner's hand at dissolution of brief
Lothian partnership
(four molds and drives of two incomplete fonts).
- 45. Purchases punches from David Bruce Jr.,
then manager for A. W. Kinsley.
- 60. Experiments in type casting machines
(cut short by foreclosure, for which see p. 50);
cited as a plagiarist by Bruce.
- 50. "suspension of Mr Conner's business" by foreclosure (1838-1839).
- 50. Materials of Conner foundry to Caleb Bartlett
(Hagar & Bartlett).
[Eckman disputes; see Hagar & Bartlett entry]
[Yet Conner's foundry continued until the 1892 ATF amalgamation]
Conner Type Foundry
- 43. James Conner
purchases ex-Albany (ultimately ex-Pittsburgh) materials from
J. C. Stoneall; these
"formed the nucleus of the now extensive foundry of
'James Conners, Sons'"
(Bruce says 1839 here,
but Annenberg dates Conner Type Foundry to 1829).
- 44. James Conner resolves to start a type foundry with George B. Lothian;
immediate quarrel.
Conner starts his type foundry alone in 1829.
- 45. Materials in Conner's hand at dissolution of brief
Lothian partnership
(four molds and drives of two incomplete fonts).
- 45. Purchases punches from David Bruce Jr.,
then manager for A. W. Kinsley.
- 50. "suspension of Mr Conner's business" by foreclosure (1838-1839).
- 50. Materials of Conner foundry to Caleb Bartlett
(Hagar & Bartlett).
[Eckman disputes; see Hagar & Bartlett entry]
[Yet Conner's foundry continued until the 1892 ATF amalgamation]
Cortelyou, Peter C. (1800-1875)
- 4-8. At Geo. Bruce Type Foundry, with David Bruce, Jr.
- 7 n8. Biographical sketch of, by Eckman
- 58. [Co-junior] partner, with David Bruce Jr., in the
type foundry of George Bruce.
- 9. "interdicts" David Bruce Jr.'s experiments on a type casting machine.
- 58. Opposed to David Bruce Jr.'s wish to develop a type caster.
- 45-46. Acquires foundry materials of George B. Lothian (1850).
Cotier, William R.
Probably a misprint for William R. Collier (q.v.)
Dalton, Michael (1800-1879)
- 51. Biographical sketch, by Eckman.
- 52. Directs, but does not execute, the initial
mold making and (matrix) fitting for the Dickinson Type Foundry.
- 64-65. Richly praised for his help in the testing of
Bruce's pivotal type caster No. 2
at the Boston Type & Stereotype Foundry.
DeVinne, Theodore Low
Dickinson, Samuel Nelson (1801-1848)
- 51. "An extensive and tasty printer..."
- 51. Biographical sketch, by Eckman.
Dickinson Type Foundry (Dickinson, later Phelps, & Dalton)
- viii. Gift and testimonial to David Bruce Jr.
- 51. In Boston.
- 51. Initial faces (but maybe only use of punches) provided by
David Bruce, Jr.
- 51. Initial mold-making and [matrix] fitting directed by Michael Dalton.
- 52. Continued after Dickinson's death as Phelps & Dalton.
Discharging Pin of Pivotal Type Caster
- 3. Mentioned in 1885 by David Bruce, Jr. as
producing the pinmark distinctive of type cast on his
pivotal type caster.
- 58-59. Bruce claims that it was "all important" and that it was
not claimed in his patent through is own neglect.
Ecklin
- 40. With Robb, purchases the Type & Stereotype Foundry of
Jedediah Howe (Philadelphia); soon withdraws from the venture.
Eckman, James
- xi. On his edition of this manuscript.
Electroforming of Matrices
- 49. Edward Pelouze involved in, at an early date (ca. 1830)
- 52. "Repugnant ... to the real man of talent and the practical
type founder" and destructive of
"
spirit de corps."
This process has been referred to by many terms - "electrotype" is perhaps
the most common.
In modern industry, "electroforming" indicates plating with a relatively
heavy deposit in order to form a 3-D object - exactly what is involved.
I find this term to be preferable to "electrotyping" as it avoids
confusion with the more common process of producing electrotyped printing
plates.
Electrotyping of Matrices
See Electroforming of Matrices;
not to be confused with electrotyping of plates.
Fleming
- 35. Cashier of Mechanic's Bank;
involved with the letterpress bank note of White, Starr & Starr.
Force Pump
- 8. Introduced by David Bruce Jr. circa 1835 for production hand casting
of ornamented and German types.
- 48. Introduced by David Bruce Jr. "as cutter & partner in
Mr. George Bruce's foundry" in 1834
to cast Great Primer, Double Small Pica, and Double Paragon sizes
of a German Text face cut by him.
- 48-49. Obadiah Van Benthuysen, in 1839, sells three force pumps
in Europe (France, Germany, Scotland).
Franklin, Benjamin
- 19. Quoted. Also Eckman's note on this quote.
Franklin Institute
- viii. Awards a silver medal to David Bruce, Jr.
- 14. Citation for the silver medal in 1844.
Guerin, Thomas
- 38. Acquires damaged materials of former Hagar & Pell type foundry
from Leavenworth;
sells them to Charles T. Palsgrave.
Hagar & Bartlett Type Foundry
- 50. Partnership with Caleb Bartlett [1840].
- 50 n48. Eckman disputes Bruce's account,
pointing out that Hagar & Bartlett started in 1840
whilte the foreclosure happened in 1873.
Hagar & Pell Type Foundry
- 38. Continued from George Baxter Lothian and Alfred Pell's foundry
when William Hagar acquired Lothian's share.
- 38. Destroyed by fire in 1836; Eckman cannot verify this.
- 38. Damaged materials of foundry sold to Leavenworth.
Hagar, William (1797-1863)
- 38. Dates and biographical sketch, by Eckman
- 38. Acquires George Baxter Lothian's share of foundry with Alfred Pell in NY; continues
as Hagar & Pell.
- 50. Partnership with Caleb Bartlett as Hagar & Bartlett[1840],
with materials from foreclosed Conner foundry.
- 50. Accused by Bruce of swindling him out of his patent rights.
Hand Molds
- 40. Always used by the Type & Stereotype Foundry of Jedediah Howe
(Philadelpiha),
at least during Howe's tenure (d. 1834).
[But note that Alexander Robb (q.v.) experimented with
type casting machines here.]
- 55. European practice was to make them of soft steel.
- 55-56. American practice, introduced by Elihu White and
implemented by Edwin Starr, was to use hardened steel.
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list: 1811-01-29. Archibald Binny.
[1,424X, "Type Mould."]
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list: 1814-05-17. Archibald Binny.
[1,424X, "Moulds for Casting Printing Types."]
Harpers, J. & J.
- 37. Employ George B. Lothian.
Hill, William F. (d. 1821)
- 34-35. "The most distinguished letter cutter of his time."
- 34. Made swedged copper type.
- 47. Listed as one of five "letter cutters" in US to 1839.
Hobert & Robbins Type Foundry
- 38. Current owners of foundry started as Baker & Greele.
- 38. Eckman associates with old New England Type Foundry.
Howe, Jedediah
- 39-40. Started a Type & Stereotype Foundry, Philadelphia, 1828,
with help from Elihu White.
- 40. Always used hand molds.
Howe, Jedediah, Type & Stereotype Foundry Of
- 39-40. Started in 1828 with help from Elihu White.
- 40. Never used type casting machines
(always hand molds) at least during Howe's tenure.
- 40. On death of Howe in 1834 purchased by Robb & Ecklin.
- 40. Ecklin withdraws, Robb continues.
- 60. Alexander Robb experimented with type casting machines there.
Isham, David
- 53. Employed by Elihu White in Connecticut after the death of William Wing
but before the move to New York in 1808.
James, Thomas and John
- 19. Type foundry of; Franklin saw it.
Johnson, Lawrence (1801-1860)
- viii, 14. Gift and testimonial to David Bruce Jr.
- 12. Biographical sketch of, by Eckman.
- 36. Purchases Binny & Ronaldson Type Foundry for $8,000,
with George F. Smith
Johnson Type Caster (for Elihu White)
- 38-39. Receives information on David Bruce Sr. and
George Baxter Lothian's type caster research.
- 39. Johnson receives a matrix for experiemental use from George Bruce.
- 39. Type caster development for Elihu White.
- 53. Type caster development for Elihu White.
- 53. Johnson's "machines were mere experiments, & finally abandoned."
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list:
1828-08-21. William M. Johnson.
[5,197X, "Casting Printers' Types."]
Bruce is too harsh in his judgment on these machines.
In his 1850 report "Type Founding" for the Commissioner of Patents,
he writes:
"First among [improvements in type founding] is the introduction
of machine casting, in which a pump forces the fluid metal
into the mould and matrix. ...
The first idea of this machine originated with Wm. M. Johnson,
who obtained a patent for it in 1828."
(
{Bruce 1850}, p. 401)
In his (Bruce's) third patent for the pivotal type caster
(No. 4072,of 1845)
he adopts the nozzle plate in its modern form and note explicitly that
it is "of the same construction as that patented by W. Johnson
August 21, 1828."
(
{Bruce 1845}, p. 2, col. 1)
The invention of the force pump and the nozzle plate mark Johnson's
development work and patent as quite significant in the technical
history of type founding.
See also George F. Peterson, for a patent on an improvment to
Johnson's type caster.
Johnson, William M.
- 39. Of Hempstead, Long Island.
- 38-39. Receives information on David Bruce Sr. and
George Baxter Lothian's type caster research.
- 39. Type caster development for Elihu White.
- 39. Receives a matrix for experiemental use from George Bruce;
Johnson "never called again upon him."
- 39. "aroused the love of improvement which had apparently slumbered
since the year 1804" in Elihu White.
- 53. Revives Elihu White's interest in type casting machinery (1826).
- 53. Johnson's "machines were mere experiments, & finally abandoned."
- 53. Johnson paid $12,000 by White for his type caster experiments.
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list:
1828-08-21. William M. Johnson.
[5,197X, "Casting Printers' Types."]
Joker
- 61. Name given by its inventor, John J. Sturgis,
to the Choker Valve (q.v.)
Kinsley, Alonzo W.
- 42. Main entry.
- 42. Originally a stereotyper.
- 42. Started a type foundry, A. W. Kinsley & Co., in Albany NY (1829).
Materials from two sources:
(a) ex-Pittsburgh, from Edwin Starr, and
(b) from George Bruce.
- 43. A "misunderstanding" between Kinsley and
Obadiah Van Benthuysen leads to a second type foundry
in Albany being started [Starr & Van Benthuysen]
- 42. Kinsley dies (1832? 1834?).
Kinsley's Type Foundry (A. W. Kinsley & Co.)
- 42. Founded in Albany, NY by Alonzo W. Kinsley, 1829.
- 43. A "misunderstanding" between Kinsley and
Obadiah Van Benthuysen leads to a second type foundry
in Albany being started [Starr & Van Benthuysen]
- 46. David Bruce Jr. manager for A. W. Kinsley foundry in Albany (1829).
- 46. Bruce sells Kinsley punches to James Conner for start of Conner's foundry.
- 42. Lasted four years, until Kinsley's death.
[but Annenberg says 1832]
- 42. Materials to Elihu White and Nathan Lyman,
who kept them in Albany and tried to revive the foundry for
"about three years."
- 42. Lyman buys out White's share and moves to Buffalo.
[Annenberg says in 1835]
- 42. Lyman [Buffalo Type Foundry] still thriving.
- 60. Employed William Cobb,
who experimented with type casting machines.
Annenberg
says that White and Lyman cooperated with Richard Starr,
"who was then operating the Starr & Little foundry."
(
{Annenberg 1994}, p. 172)
He says that Lyman bought out White's share and then moved the foundry
to Buffalo,
while "the Starr & Little plant was closed by the sheriff."
The Buffalo Type Foundry survived until the 1892 ATF amalgamation.
Annenberg notes that Kinsley's type foundry in Albany was also known as
the "Franklin Type Foundry" (p. 172).
Leavenworth
- 38. Acquires damaged materials of former Hagar & Pell type foundry;
sells them to Thomas Guerin.
Letter Cutters
- 47. List of US, to 1839 (claimed as only ones).
- Richard Starr
- William F. Hill
- George B. Lothian
- George Bruce
- David Bruce Jr.
Bruce's list is far from complete.
Lever Hand Mold
Lothian, Dr. Robert
- 29. Starts his type foundry in 1808;
materials to Binny & Ronaldson in 1810.
- 25. His type foundry purchased by Binny & Ronaldson.
Lothian, George Baxter
- 33. His type foundry in Pittsburgh; failed; materials to
David & George Bruce (1817).
- 33. Employed as a cutter and fitter by D. & G. Bruce.
- 37. Employed by J. and J. Harpers.
- 38. Started type foundry with Alfred Pell, in NY.;
quit - his assets to William Hagar.
- 38. Experiments by David Bruce Sr. and George B. Lothian (1826);
communicated to Elihu White.
- 60. Experiments in type casting machines;
cited as a plagiarist by David Bruce Jr.
- 44. Resolves to start a type foundry with James Conner;
immediate quarrel.
Lothian starts his type foundry alone in 1829.
- 44-45. Lothian's improvements:
- "the present method of kerning type on a cutter or file
in one operation."
- "In the line of fitting up - the
side bearing or hardened jaws."
- "a machine for
rubbing or smoothing type.
- A patent for a type mold in 1816 (Eckman)
[US X-patent 2,709X, 1816-12-18, "Type Moulds" (datamp.org)]
- [Not mentioned at this point: A patent for "Cutting and Casting Music Type,"
US X-patent 6,088X, 1816-12-18 (datamp.org)]
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list: 1816-12-18. George B. Lothian.
[2,709X, "Type Moulds."]
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list: 1830-08-11. George B. Lothian.
[6,088X, "Cutting and Casting Music Types."
(An excerpt of the specification survives in the
Journal of the Franklin Institute,
Vol. 5 (1830), p. 309; see datamp.org)]
- 45. On his temper.
- 45. His foundry materials to Peter C. Cortelyou (1850).
- 47. Listed as one of five "letter cutters" in US to 1839.
- 44. Dies 1851.
Bruce typically writes "Buxton" (here and in other writings),
but Eckman uniformly corrects this to "Baxter."
Lothian Type Foundry
- 44. George B. Lothian resolves to start a type foundry with James Conner;
immediate quarrel.
Lothian starts his type foundry alone in 1829.
- 44. Lothian foundry closes "about two years prior to his death
which occurred in 1851.
[But Annenberg dates close of Lothian foundry to 1842.]
- 45. Foundry materials to Peter C. Cortelyou (1850).
Lyman, Nathan
- 42. Biographical sketch, by Eckman.
- 42. With Elihu White, purchases materials of A. W. Kinsley's type foundry
on Kinsley's death.
- 42. With White, runs Kinsley foundry for about three years.
- 43. Buys out White's share and moves the foundry to Buffalo
[becoming the Buffalo Type Foundry].
MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan
Mann
Neither full name nor biographical information mentioned.
See Mann & Sturdevant Type Caster
and
Mann & Sturdevant Type Rubbing Machine.
Mann & Sturdevant Type Caster (White's Type Foundry)
- 40. Probably the caster in use in Cincinnati when they were
the first to operate a type caster by steam.
- 53. End result, in 1831, of Elihu White's experiments.
- 53. Patent date mis-cited as 1831-06-08 [Eckman corrects to 1831-01-07].
- 54. "in truth the combination of Mr White's own experience of a life time."
- 54. "a stride in the right direction"
- 54. Notes porousness of type cast by ita -
15 to 25 percent lighter -
and its "inclination to crush down under the impression."
- 54. Defined reputation of machine-cast type until
White's death (1836) or 1838 [coincidentally? the date of
Bruce's first type caster patent]
- 54. Used only in White's foundries
(Cincinnati branch, Buffalo branch, NY main office)
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list:
1831-01-08 [sic; Eckman corrects to 1831-01-07 and datamp.org concurs]
Mann & Sturdevant
[but datamp.org shows it as issued to Elihu White]
[6,323X, "Type Casting Machine" / "Vertical Type Caster."]
- 62. Lightness of type it cast led to its low repute.
- 62. Led to low repute of all machine cast type; Bruce had to overcome this.
Patent (6,323X 1831-01-7) issued to Elihu White.
Mann & Sturdevant Type Rubbing Machine (White's Type Foundry)
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list: 1831-01-08.
[sic; Eckman corrects to 1831-01-07 and datamp.org concurs]
Mann & Sturdevant.
[but datamp.org shows it as issued to Elihu White]
[6,324X, "Type Rubber or Machine for Smoothing the Bodies of Type."]
Patent (6,323X 1831-01-7) issued to Elihu White.
Matrix Electroforming
See Electroforming Matrices.
Matrix Fitting [Justifying]
- 52. Michael Dalton directs, and Edwin and Phil Starr execute, the initial
mold making for the Dickinson Type Foundry.
Maverick, Peter
- 35. Copied via engraving (successfully, but contentiously)
the letterpress bank note of White, Starr & Starr.
McMurtrie, Douglas C.
- x-xi. On his edition of this manuscript (1925).
Mechanic's Bank
- 35. Involved with the letterpress bank note of White, Starr & Starr.
Molds, Type
- See Hand Molds
- See Type Molds (esp. for lever hand mold and
molds as used on pivotal type casters)
New England Type Foundry
- 38. Eckman note that this may be Baker & Greele / Hobert & Robbins
[
{Annenberg 1994}, pp. 203-204, confirms].
- 38. Eckman note that NETF ceased in 1885;
materials to Boston Type Foundry and thence to the
Kansas City Type Foundry.
Nozzle
Palsgrave, Charles T.
- 38. Acquires damaged materials of former Hagar & Pell type foundry
from Thomas Guerin.
Pantograph
- See Wells' "Router" for wood type.
Patents for Typefounding
- 56-57. David Bruce Jr. secures a list of, on 1836-04-11.
The date of Bruce's inquiry was most fortunate. Later in 1836 the
US patent office burned, and all records there were destroyed.
Patents before the fire were not numbered.
They have been retroactively assigned "X" numbers in an attempt to
reconstruct them.
Here is Bruce's list,
with X-patent numbers and names from the
Directory of American Tool and Machinery Patents, www.datamp.org:
- 1805-08-28. William Wing.
[635X, "Machines for Casting Types."]
- 1811-01-29. Archibald Binny.
[1,424X, "Type Mould."]
- 1811-02-04. Archibald Binny.
[1,427X, "Smoothing or Rubbing Printers Types."]
- 1814-05-17. Archibald Binny.
[1,424X, "Moulds for Casting Printing Types."]
- 1816-02-18 [sic; Eckman corrects to 1816-02-28 and datamp.org concurs].
George Webster.
[2,442X, "Casting Moveable Types."]
- 1816-12-18. George B. Lothian.
[2,709X, "Type Moulds."]
- 1811-07-15. "Geo. Brewster type casting Hartford Con."
[datamp.org has no record of any such patent,
but it does list 2,637X by Abel Brewster of Hartford, CT
on 1816-07-15
for "Uses of Types in Guarding Banks Notes Against Forgery."
In Bruce's list, which dates this patent to 1811, it appears
in the same position as here, just after Lothian's 1816 2,709X.]
- 1827-10-23. Stephen Sturdevant & Edwin Starr.
[4,908X, "Improvement Called the Mechanical Type Caster."]
- 1828-08-21. William M. Johnson.
[5,197X, "Casting Printers' Types."]
- 1828-10-15 [sic; Eckman corrects to 1828-10-13 and datamp.org concurs].
George F. Peterson.
"im[provement] on Johnson[']s pa[tent]".
[5,250X, "Machine for Casting Printing Types.]
- 1830-01-09. "Wm. R. Cotier type casting Boston Ms"
[There is no indication of such a patent in datamp.org.
Eckman corrects this entry to W. R. Collier, 1830-02-09.
datamp.org lists this as 5,822X, William R. Collier, Boston, MA,
"Casting and Setting Types."]
- 1830-08-11. George B. Lothian.
[6,088X, "Cutting and Casting Music Types."
(An excerpt of the specification survives in the
Journal of the Franklin Institute,
Vol. 5 (1830), p. 309; see datamp.org)]
- 1831-01-08 [sic; Eckman corrects to 1831-01-07 and datamp.org concurs]
Mann & Sturdevant
[but datamp.org shows it as issued to Elihu White]
[6,323X, "Type Casting Machine" / "Vertical Type Caster."]
- 1831-01-08. [sic; Eckman corrects to 1831-01-07 and datamp.org concurs]
Mann & Sturdevant.
[but datamp.org shows it as issued to Elihu White]
[6,324X, "Type Rubber or Machine for Smoothing the Bodies of Type."]
Pell, Alfred
- 38. Started type foundry with George Baxter Lothian, in NY.
- 38. Lothian quites; Pell continues wiht William Hagar as Hagar & Pell.
Pelouze, Edward
- 47. Biographical sketch by Eckman.
- 47. Started a type foundry in NY City
with David Bruce Jr. and John Bell (1831) as
"Bruce Pelouze & Co."
[Annenberg makes no mention of this in his chapter on Pelouze]
- 47. Bruce, Pelouze, Bell foundry dissolved "about one year"
after it starts; materials to
"a Stereotyping Company at Lancaster Mass."
- 49. Main entry by Bruce on.
- 49. Edward Pelouze takes drives from
Bruce Pelouze & Co. to start his own foundry.
[Annenberg, p. 211, dates this to 1830]
- 49. Snarky remark by Bruce about Pelouze as an electrotype pirate,
crossed out in manuscript.
- 49. Involved in experiments with matrix electroforming.
- 60. Constructed a type casting machine which
"totally disregarded all David Bruce's [Jr] patented Claims.
Pelouze, Louis [Lewis] (1807-1876)
- 49. Main entry on, by Bruce.
- 49. Biographical sketch, by Eckman.
Bruce writes "Louis," but Eckman corrects this to "Lewis."
Pelouze Family
- 47 n45. Bibliographic citation by Eckman of article by Stevens L. Watts,
"The Pelouze Family of Type Founders," in PAGA 4.
[Edward] Pelouze Type Foundry (NY, 1830)
- 49. Edward Pelouze takes drives from
Bruce Pelouze & Co. to start his own foundry.
[Annenberg, p. 211, dates this to 1830]
- 49. Bruce implies that Pelouze foundry failed,
but Annenberg says it prospered.
[Lewis] Pelouze Type Foundry (Philadelphia, 1841-1892)
- 49. Started, with drives from David Bruce.
- 49 n47. Brief information on, by Eckman.
Peterson, George F.
- 1828-10-15 [sic; Eckman corrects to 1828-10-13 and datamp.org concurs].
George F. Peterson.
"im[provement] on Johnson[']s pa[tent]".
[5,250X, "Machine for Casting Printing Types.]
See Johnson Type Caster (for Elihu White) for the base machine
that Peterson improved.
Phelps & Dalton
- See Dickinson Type Foundry (Phelps & Dalton).
Phelps, Sewell
- 52. Not mentioned by name, but referenced in firm name
Phelps & Dalton [Dickinson Type Foundry]
Pin
- See Discharging Pin of Pivotal Type Cster
Piracy (of Ideas and Designs)
- 49. Bruce on Pelouze as an electrotype pirate,
crossed out in manuscript.
- 50. William Hagar accused by Bruce of
swindling him out of his patent rights.
- 56. Basic research would have saved many the "odium of piracy."
- 59-60. Bruce implies that many attempted to plagiarize
type caster developments of others, including
those supported by Elihu White and by the
Boston Type & Stereotype Foundry.
He mentions Cobb, Robb, G. B. Lothian, and Edward Pelouze Sr.,
but exempts James Stewart.
Pivotal Type Caster
- 58. Leaves Geo. Bruce Type Foundry in 1834 [sic] to develop his
type casting machine.
- 56-57. David Bruce, Jr. checks the patent literature in 1836
before embarking on his development work.
- 59. Elihu White negotiations to purchase Bruce's No. 1 machine
terminated by White's death in 1836.
- 62. White's death ended his negotiations to secure Bruce's machine No. 1.
- 58. Patent for his first type casting machine dated 1838-03-17
[Eckman identifes as US patent No. 632].
- 9. Bruce machine no. 1 of 1838.
- 9. Date of sale (1840) to David Bruce Jr.'s uncle, George Bruce.
- 59. Patent [US 632] for Bruce's first machine purchased by
George Bruce in 1838
"& was used by him until the termination of the patent."
- 3. Brought into public notice at
George Bruce's type foundry in 1840 (1885 recollection).
- 10. Limitation of Bruce No. 1 to hand, not steam, operation.
- 58. Bruce distinguishes his first machine from the
[Mann & Sturdevant] caster used by White.
- 58-59. Bruce identifies the novel features of his first machine
(vs. the Mann & Sturdevant machine used by White):
- "A totally different method of extricating
the cast from the mold"
- "the
adjustable mold hinge
- "the grasping the mold firmly
across
its back"
- "[the mold's] oblique angle of approaching the spout"
- "the
thimble or
adjustable
spout"
- "the all important
discharging pin"
- 59. His oversight in not securing the "discharging pin" (drag pin)
in the mold as a separate claim.
- 63. George Bruce's adoption of David Bruce Jr.'s machine No. 1
in 1840
marks "the general successful introduction of machine cast type".
- 63. George Bruce acquires right of first refusal on work of
David Bruce Jr. subsequent to Bruce's pivotal caster No. 1.
- 59. Says that Lauritz Brandt took his No. 1 machine to Germany
on 1844-04-06. [See note below on Brandt]
- 63. David Bruce Jr. develops pivotal type caster No. 2.
- 63-64. Lauritz Brandt, machinist to George Bruce, examines
David Bruce Jr.'s pivotal caster No. 2.
Brandt misrepresented it as unworthy of adoption.
- 10. Bruce No. 2 machine, ca. 1841, inspected for, misrepresented to,
and rejected by George Bruce.
- 12. Bruce No. 2 machine purchased by Boston Type & Stereotype Foundry
in 1845.
- 64-65. David Bruce Jr.'s pivotal type caster No. 2
tested extensively by
Boston Type & Stereotype Foundry and Michael Dalton;
rights to New England purchased by them.
- 50. William Hagar accused by Bruce of
swindling him out of his patent rights.
- 65. An unspecified person was
not
"honorable, amicable & pleasant" with regard to
David Bruce, Jr.'s patent rights.
[Eckman thinks it was either William Hagar or Edward Pelouze, Sr.]
- Prerequisites (q.v.):
-
Hardened steel Hand Mold,
introduced at Elihu White's insistence by Edwin Starr
(by 1808).
- Lever Hand Mold, by Archibald Binny (1811).
- Force Pump,
introduced by David Bruce, Jr. (ca. 1834),
but invented by William M. Johnson for his type caster
(Johnston Type Caster, q.v.)
for White in 1828.
- Nozzle Plate; also by William M. Johnson (1828),
but not mentioned in this text by Bruce.
- N.B.,
The Choker Valve (1849) is not a prerequisite for the pivotal
type caster, but it is nonetheless common.
Discharging Pin:
An examination of Bruce's three patents for his pivotal type caster
reveals that in none of them was a drag pin (discharging pin) in the mold
ever mentioned (neither in the text, nor the claims, nor the drawing).
Confusingly, in the first two he applies the term "discharger"
to an L-shaped hook fixed to the stationary half of the mold which
guarantees the discharge of the type at the jet end.
Brandt:
One might assume that since Lauritz Brandt was one of the examiners of
Bruce's machine No. 2 (patented 1843)
that it was this second machine that Brandt pirated and passed off as his
own in Europe.
Bruce does, however, say that Brandt copied the No. 1 machine (p. 59).
Further, several illustrations of European type casters identified
as "Brandt" casters clearly show machines based on Bruce's No. 1,
not his No. 2.
Examples include:
(1) The photograph of the "Brandt pivotal type casting machine,
invented in 1838" which appears in the catalogue of the exhibition
Printing and the Mind of Man
(
{PMM 1963},
plate 14)
and
(2) The drawing of "a typefounding machine designed by the Dane
Lauritz Brandt in the United States during the 1840s"
which appears in the collection of the Nordiska Museet
(documented in
{Axel-Nilsson 1983}, p. 38).
The best discussion of this matter is in
{Saxe 2013}.
Preble, Commodore Edward (1761-1807)
- 37. His victory in Algiers commemmorated by a medal made by
Johann Mathias Reich.
Punchcutters
Punches
- 46. "Worthless" punches used as nails by David Bruce Jr. at
A. W. Kinsley foundry.
These had been cut by an unnamed "foreign artist."
Reich, Johann Mathias (1768-1833)
- 36. Type foundry of, together with Edwin and Richard Starr, in Pittsburgh. (1823)
- 37. Talents as a die sinker.
Riggs, Abraham
- 43. Purchases ex-Albany (ultimately ex-Pittsburgh) materials from
Charles Starr.
- 43. Sells ex-Albany (ultimately ex-Pittsburgh) materials to
J. C. Stoneall for James Conner.
Robb, Alexander
- 40. With Ecklin, purchases the Type & Stereotype Foundry of
Jedediah Howe (Philadelphia); Ecklin soon withdraws from the venture
and Robb continues.
- 60. First name (William) given.
- 60. Experiments in type casting machines in Philadelphia;
cited as a plagiarist by Bruce.
Dissuaded by Elihu White.
Rogers, John Gorham
- 34. Agent for Boston Type & Stereotype Foundry
Rollers, Printers' [for inking]
- See Balls and Rollers, Printers'
Ronaldson, James
- 36. No longer running Binny & Ronaldson at time of sale to Johnson
Ronaldson, Richard (1772-1863)
- 36. Running Binny & Ronaldson at time of sale to Johnson
- 36. Dates, by Eckman
"Router" [Pantograph Engraver, for Wood Type]
- See Wells' "Router" for wood type.
Salesmanship ("Blowing" and "Drumming")
- 52. Importance of, over technology and workmanship, for success
of type foundry.
Smith, George F.
- 36. Foreman at Binny & Ronaldson.
- 36. Purchases Binny & Ronaldson Type Foundry for $8,000,
with Lawrence Johnson.
Sower, Christopher
- 18. Mentioned
- 20. Attempts type casting; foundery dispersed to
Binny & Ronaldson and to Samuel Sower (1805).
- 24. Portion of his materials purchased by Binny & Ronaldson.
Sower, Samuel
- 20. Type foundry of (1805), with materials from
Christopher Sower.
Spout, Adjustable
- 58. Bruce claims the
"
thimble or
adjustable spout"
as an essential item of the pivotal type caster.
[But note that his first attempts at a nozzle were supplanted by
the conical nozzle combined with a nozzle plate,
which was invented by William M. Johnson in 1828.
Bruce acknowledges Johnson's invention in his (Bruce's)
US patent 4,072, (1845)
but does not mention it in this present text.]
Starr Brothers (Edwin & Richard;) Type Foundries of
- 29. Started a type foundry in 1812.
- 30. Sold their type foundry materials to
David Bruce Sr. and George Bruce
(who with these materials started what became
Bruce's NY Type Foundry).
- 36. With Johann Mathias Reich, in Pittsburgh.
- 36. Materials of Starr, Starr & Reich Pittsburgh foundry to Philadelphia.
- 36. Some materials (drives) of Starr, Starr & Reich
Pittsburgh foundry to
Baker & Greely, Boston.
- 42. Edwin Starr sells some of the ex-Pittsburgh materials to
Alonzo W. Kinsley, in Albany.
- 43. Ex-Albany (ex-Pittsburgh) materials purchased by Charles Starr
on the failure of [Edwin] Starr & Little foundry
and brought to NY.
- 43. Ex-Albany materials purchased from Charles Starr by
Abraham Riggs.
- 44. Ex-Albany materials purchased from Abraham Riggs by
J. C. Stoneall for James Conner.
It is well to keep in mind Maurice Annenberg's remark that
"There are so many conflicting dates of the varied episodes of the
Starr brothers attempts to establish type founding plants
that many dates are telescoped together.
They were in and out of business like a roller coaster..."
(
{Annenberg 1994}, p. 230)
For a more complete discussion of the Starrs,
and an attempt at a chronology, see
The Starr Family in
Foundry Specimens
Notebook.
Starr, Charles
- 35. Letterpress Bank Note, with Elihu White and Edwin Starr.
Starr, Edwin
- 6 n6. Lack of information about, other than this manuscript.
- 54. Main entry for Edwin and Richard Starr.
- 54. From Middletown, CT.
- 54. Elder (of Edwin and Richard); by trade a "steeple clock"
[tower clock] maker.
- 55. Distinguished as a mold maker,
also a punch cutter;
introduced to these activities by Elihu White.
- 34. Starr and Sturdevant type caster.
- 35. Letterpress Bank Note, with Elihu White and Charles Starr.
- 36. With Johann Mathias Reich and Richard Starr, in Pittsburgh.
- 42. Sells ex-Pittsburgh materials to Alonzo W. Kinsley, in Albany.
- 43. Partnership with Obadiah Van Benthuysen, in Albany.
- 43. Van Benthuysen sells his share to Little;
firm continues as Starr & Little, in Albany.
- 38. Manager of Baker & Greely Type Foundry.
- 51. Executes initial mold making and (matrix) fitting for
the Dickinson Type Foundry, together with his son Phil.;
under the direction of Michael Dalton.
- 55. Went to Great Britain on the invitation of
Alexander Wilson (q.v.) to teach American methods of
type founding [no date given].
- 56. "First introducer of
hardened [steel] molds",
at the insistence of Elihu White.
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list:
1827-10-23. Stephen Sturdevant & Edwin Starr.
[4,908X, "Improvement Called the Mechanical Type Caster."]
See also Starr & Sturdevant Type Caster
(Boston Type & Stereotype Foundry).
Starr, Phil.
- 51. Son of Edwin Starr.
- 51. Executes initial mold making and (matrix) fitting for
the Dickinson Type Foundry, together with his father Edwin;
under the direction of Michael Dalton.
Starr, Richard
- 54. Main entry for Edwin and Richard Starr.
- 54. From Middletown, CT.
- 54. Younger (of Edwin and Richard); by trade a silversmith.
- 55. Introduced to mold making and punch cutting by Elihu White.
- 36. With Johann Mathias Reich and Edwin Starr, in Pittsburgh.
- 47. Listed as one of five "letter cutters" in US to 1839.
Starr & Sturdevant Type Caster (Boston Type & Stereotype Foundry)
- 34. Starr & Sturdevant type caster.
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list:
1827-10-23. Stephen Sturdevant & Edwin Starr.
[4,908X, "Improvement Called the Mechanical Type Caster."]
Steam Power
- 40. First application of,
at Cincinnati branch of White's Type Foundry,
by Elihu White and Oliver Wells;
[They used the Mann & Sturdevant machine in this foundry].
- 43 n41. Eckman, probably relying on Bullen, says that
Obadiah Van Benthuysen was said to be the first to apply
steam to type casting.
This is suspect, particularly as there is no record of
Van Benthuysen & Starr (Albany) having a type casting machine.
See the Van Benthuysen entry.
- 63. George Bruce was
"the successful introducer of Steam type casting in the United States"
Starr & Sturdevant Type Caster (Boston Type & Stereotype Foundry)
- 34. Boston Type & Stereotype Foundry invests heavily in (1827).
- 59-60. Trials of, in 1827, "ruinous".
Stereotyping
- 29. Start of, in America
- 30. David Bruce Sr. and George Bruce
denied unbearded type and long [high] spacing by
existing type foundries.
- 30. Geo. Bruce purchases materials of Starr Brothers.
- 33. David and George Bruce stop stereotyping in favor of
typefounding (1820).
Stewart, James
- 60. Conceived of a machine in 1843 to
"
cast, break, rub, & set up" type.
- 60. Cited by Bruce specifically as one who did
not
plagiarize.
- 60. Tried to sell it in US and Europe.
- 60. Brought to market in NY, but "fell into disuse."
Stoneall, J. C.
- 43. Purchases ex-Albany (ultimately ex-Pittsburgh) materials from
Abraham Riggs for James Conner.
"Strange and Eccentric Minds..."
Sturdevant, Stephen
- 34. Starr & Sturdevant type caster.
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list:
1827-10-23. Stephen Sturdevant & Edwin Starr.
[4,908X, "Improvement Called the Mechanical Type Caster."]
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list: 1831-01-08
[sic; Eckman corrects to 1831-01-07 and datamp.org concurs]
Mann & Sturdevant
[but datamp.org shows it as issued to Elihu White]
[6,323X, "Type Casting Machine" / "Vertical Type Caster."]
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list: 1831-01-08.
[sic; Eckman corrects to 1831-01-07 and datamp.org concurs]
Mann & Sturdevant.
[but datamp.org shows it as issued to Elihu White]
[6,324X, "Type Rubber or Machine for Smoothing the Bodies of Type."]
See Starr & Sturdevant Type Caster (Boston Type & Stereotype Foundry).
See Mann & Sturdevant Type Caster (White's Type Foundry).
See Mann & Sturdevant Type Rubbing Machine (White's Type Foundry).
Sturgis, John J.
- 61. Invents choker valve ("which he technically called the 'joker')
in 1849.
- 61. US patent 6,243 [Eckman's identification],
[issued 1949-03-27, but antedated to 1848-09-27].
- 61. Sold his machine (based on Bruce's pivotal caster) in
Great Britain.
Type Casters
- Bruce [Sr.] & Lothian (1826): See Bruce & Lothian Type Casting Experiments.
- Starr & Sturdevant (1827): see Starr & Sturdevant Type Caster (Boston Type & Stereotype
Foudry)
- White's: see White's Type Casters:
- Of 1804/5. White & Wing
- Of 1826-1828. See Johnson Type Caster.
- Of 1828. See George F. Peterson (improvement on Johnson's).
- Of 1831, see the Mann & Sturdevant Type Caster.
- Pivotal (David Bruce Jr.): see Pivotal Type Caster
- 60. Unsuccessful experimenters categorized as plagiarizers:
- William Cobb, of Kinsley & Co., Albany.
- Alexander Robb, Philadelphia.
- James Conner, in 1839.
- Edward Pelouze, Sr., in violation of Bruce's patents.
- 61. James Stewart's machine to
"
cast, break, rub, & set up" type.
- 27. Lack of machine casters until 1826.
- 62. Low repute of all machine cast type due to lightness of type
from Mann & Sturdevant (White) machine.
- 63. George Bruce's adoption of David Bruce Jr.'s machine No. 1
in 1840
marks "the general successful introduction of machine cast type".
Type Mold
- 25. Common "ring-tailed" or "long spring" hand mold.
- 26. Lever hand mold invented by Binny
- 27. Lack of machine casters until 1826.
- 45. A patent by George B. Lothian for a type mold in 1816 (Eckman)
[US X-patent 2,709X, 1816-12-18, "Type Moulds" (datamp.org)]
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list: 1816-12-18. George B. Lothian.
[2,709X, "Type Moulds."]
- 52. Michael Dalton directs, and Edwin and Phil Starr execute, the initial
mold making for the Dickinson Type Foundry.
- 58. "Adjustable mold hinge"
claimed as essential for his pivotal type caster.
- 58. "Grasping the mold firmly across its back"
claimed as essential for his pivotal type caster.
- 58. "Oblique angle of [the mold] approaching the spout
claimed as essential for his pivotal type caster.
Type Operations I'm Not Yet Certain Of
- 45. George B. Lothian: "In the line of fitting up - the
side bearing or hardened jaws."
Type Rubbing, Dressing, and Kerning
- 45. George B. Lothian introduced
"the present method of kerning type on a cutter or file
in one operation."
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list: 1811-02-04. Archibald Binny.
[1,427X, "Smoothing or Rubbing Printers Types."]
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list: 1831-01-08.
[sic; Eckman corrects to 1831-01-07 and datamp.org concurs]
Mann & Sturdevant.
[but datamp.org shows it as issued to Elihu White]
[6,324X, "Type Rubber or Machine for Smoothing the Bodies of Type."]
- 58. David Bruce Jr. patent for a
"Machine for Smoothing the Sides of Type."
He gives the date here of 1838-03-17,
but this is actually 1838-03-10 (US patent No. 631).
- 60. James Stewart's machine, from 1843, to
"
cast, break, rub, & set up" type.
See also Mann & Sturdevant Type Rubbing Machine
(though, really, it cites only the same information as above).
Types, Light Face
- 46. Introduced by James Conner, using punches in "a rejected style
cut some years before"
purchased from David Bruce Jr. as manager of A. W. Kinsley foundry
in Albany.
(These punches were deemed "worthless" by Bruce and he had been
using them as nails.)
Punches cut by un-named "foreign artist."
[See also Annenberg p. 117]
Types, Ornamental & German
- 8. Unable to cast by ladle and hand mold.
- 48. Composition balls and rollers specifically identified as
an enabling factor in the production of.
In his various writings, Bruce identifies three factors which enabled
the production of complex ornamented types:
patrix cutting in soft metal and matrix electroforming
(which allowed them to be created),
the force pump (which allowed them to be cast),
and composition balls and rollers
(which allowed them to be printed).
All of these were developments in the 1830s and 1840s.
Types, Wood
Types, Swedged Copper
- 34. By William F. Hill, for White's Type Foundry;
"but his project met with no encouragement."
Van Benthuysen, Obadiah
- 43 n41. Biographical sketch, by Eckman.
- 43 n41. Eckman says that Van Benthuysen
"is said to have been the first typefounder in the world
to apply steam power to typefounding (1836)",
but this information seems to be from Bullen and is suspect.
It contradicts Bruce's claim that steam was first applied
at the Cincinnati branch of White's Type Foundry.
If Van Benthuysen did apply steam, it is not clear what
type caster he was applying it to, as he had none.
- 48-49. Obadiah Van Benthuysen, in 1839, sells three force pumps
in Europe (France, Germany, Scotland).
Vandenburgh & Wells [Wood Type]
- 41. Later name of firm formerly Wells & Webb.
- 41-42. History of the firm, by Eckman.
Watts, Stevens L.
- 47 n45. Bibliographic citation by Eckman of article by Stevens L. Watts,
"The Pelouze Family of Type Founders," in PAGA 4.
Webster, George
- 1816-02-18 [sic; Eckman corrects to 1816-02-28 and datamp.org concurs].
George Webster.
[2,442X, "Casting Moveable Types."]
Wells, Darius
- 40-42. Wood type; our debt to his ingenuity in.
- 41. Constructed machinery for wood type, the "router".
- 41. No patent secured for his machinery.
- 41. Specialized in box wood.
- 40-42. Biographical sketch by Eckman; history of his firms.
Wells' "Router" [Pantograph, for Wood Type]
- 41. Cited but not described in detail.
Wells & Webb [Wood Type]
- 41. Longtime name of firm associated with Darius Wells.
- 41. Later Vandenburgh & Wells.
- 41-42. History of the firm, by Eckman.
Wells, Oliver
- 40. Partner with Elihu White and manager of
Cincinnati branch of White's Type Foundry
[later Cincinnati Type Foundry] at its start in 1829.
- 40 n 38. Eckman note that MacKellar gave date for Cincinnati branch
as 1817; biblio from
Typographic Advertiser.
White, Elihu (1773-1836)
- 6 n6. Biographical sketch of, by Eckman.
- 52. Main entry, by Bruce.
- 53. Not himself inventive, "but he was shrewd in drawing
around him that species [genius] of inventive talent."
- 27. First attempt at a type casting machine (1804)
- 28. Patent of 1805.
- 53. Work with William Wing, before 1808.
- 53. Work with David Isham, after death of Wing but before move
to NY in 1808.
- 9. His type caster in use in 1835.
- 9. Porousness of type from his type caster, 1838-1840
(must have been the Mann & Sturdevant machine)
- 28. Citation by Eckman of Bullen for report of Starr's espionage
against Binny & Ronaldson for White (Eckman's notes)
- 28. White learned type founding in Scotland by 1808.
- 33. 1818, White's type foundry in Charlestown, MA begun
- 33. White's type foundry in Charlestown, MA moved to
Boston "by sale."
- 34. White's type foundry (as Carter & Little)
destroyed by fire in 1822.
- 38. Experiments by David Bruce Sr. and George B. Lothian (1826);
communicated to Elihu White and probably William Johnson.
- 39-40. Helps Jedediah Howe start a Type & Stereotype Foundry
in Philadelphia, 1828.
- 40. Starts Cincinnati branch in 1829 with Oliver Wells as
partner and manager.
- 40 n 38. Eckman note that MacKellar gave date for Cincinnati branch
as 1817; biblio from
Typographic Advertiser.
- 53. In 1826 his interest in type casting machines "revived"
by [William M.] Johnson.
- 53. Aggregate spending on type casting machinery $50,000.
- 55-56. Insisted on hardened steel molds,
due to his lack of knowledge of contemporary practice
(which employed soft steel);
these made for him by Edwin Starr.
- 56. His important role in disseminating knowledge of type founding
to many foundries in America.
- 56. White "the grand champion in urging along" the development
of type casting machines in America.
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list: 1831-01-08
[sic; Eckman corrects to 1831-01-07 and datamp.org concurs]
Mann & Sturdevant
[but datamp.org shows it as issued to Elihu White]
[6,323X, "Type Casting Machine" / "Vertical Type Caster."]
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list: 1831-01-08.
[sic; Eckman corrects to 1831-01-07 and datamp.org concurs]
Mann & Sturdevant.
[but datamp.org shows it as issued to Elihu White]
[6,324X, "Type Rubber or Machine for Smoothing the Bodies of Type."]
- 59. Elihu White negotiations to purchase Bruce's No. 1 type caster
terminated by White's death in 1836.
- 59-60. Bruce implies that many attempted to plagiarize
type caster developments of others, including
those supported by White.
He mentions Cobb, Robb, G. B. Lothian, and Edward Pelouze Sr.,
but exempts James Stewart.
- 60. White dissuades Alexander Robb from further experimentation
with type casters.
White's Type Casters
- Of 1804/5. See the White & Wing Type Caster.
- Of 1826-1828. See the Johnson Type Caster.
- Of 1828. See George F. Peterson (improvement on Johnson's).
- Of 1831. See the Mann & Sturdevant Type Caster.
- 53. Inventions conceived of, and development work financed by, White -
but actual construction done by others.
- 53. Aggregate spending on type casting machinery $50,000.
White's Type Foundry (1818-)
- 33. 1818, White's type foundry in Charlestown, MA begun
- 33. White's type foundry in Charlestown, MA moved to
Boston "by sale."
- 34. White's type foundry (as Carter & Little)
destroyed by fire in 1822.
- 54. Used Mann & Sturdevant type caster.
See also Carter & Little,
and Boston Type & Stereotype Foundry.
White & Wing Type Caster (1804/5)
- 27. Attempt at a type casting machine (1804)
- 28. Wing's patent of 1805.
- 39. Was machine "to
cast whole alphabets at a single dash."
- 57. Entry in Bruce's patent list for:
1805-08-28. William Wing.
[635X, "Machines for Casting Types."]
Wing, William
- 27. Attempt at a type casting machine, with Elihu White (1804)
- 28. Wing's patent of 1805.
- 53. Implied death before White moved to New York in 1808.
Wilson, Alexander
- 55 n54. Identified by Eckman as
"probably one of the sons of Dr. Alexander Wilson"
in the foundry of Alexander Wilson & Sons.
- 55. Invited Edwin Starr to Great Britain to teach
American methods of type founding [no date given].
Wood Type
- 40-42. Main discussion.
- 40-41. Importance of Darius Wells.
Workmanship
- 52. The "aeroamatic" workman less important than the "blowing"
salesman for the success of a type foundry.
Wroth, Lawrence C.
- x. Material on Abel Buell.