CAUTION: This bibliography is seriously out of date. It is incomplete, and (unfortunately) at times inaccurate. Use it with caution.
For a film which is simultaneously an inspiring presentation of the craft of typemaking and a useful reference document for one manner of pursuing this craft, see Richard Kegler's film about Jim Rimmer, Making Faces . I find it to be quite moving. It has given me the confidence to believe that type-making can in fact be done today.
For a number of reprints of (and/or more detailed bibliographic references to) important works in type-making, see the Notebook Reprinted Literature on Making Printing Matrices and Types.
The best outline of the entire field is Paul Hayden Duensing's Proposed Draft for A Syllabus of Typographic Taxonomy . ( Reprinted here.) It is, however, only an outline.
The best general work on the entire field is Walter Wilkes' Das Schriftgießen: Von Stempelschnitt, Matrizenfertigung und Letterguss: eine Dokumentation von Walter Wilkes . (1990) . It is in German, but is sufficiently well-illustrated that the pictures together with a dictionary or online translator make it quite valuable even to one who cannot read German. Regrettably, it is out of print and not inexpensive.
The best visual presentations of traditional hand type-making techniques are those of Stan Nelson, who probably knows more about the subject than anyone else in America. In 1985 he made a video of this entire process, From Punch to Printing Type ; it is still available. More recently, outtakes from a film in production (available online), Douglas Burnette's Out of Sorts , show Nelson at many of the same processes.
Paul Koch's "The Making of Printing Types" (1933) and Beatrice Warde's "Cutting Types for the Machines" (1935), both of which are available online, are both good. However, neither completely covers the field and both are seriously misleading if you make the mistake of assuming that they describe the (only) way type is made.
The two traditional sources (in English) for making type by hand are Moxon's Mechanick Exercises (Vol. II, on Printing; 1683-4) and Fournier's Manuel Typographique, Vol. 1 (1764) . Moxon was reprinted in 1896 by DeVinne and reprinted in a modern edition edited by Carter and Davis . Fournier was translated into English in 1930 by Carter; this translation was reprinted with additional notes by Carter in 1973 and Moseley in 1985.
The most important modern sources, covering machine typemaking methods, are Legros and Grant's Typographical Printing Surfaces (1916) and Rehak's Practical Typecasting (1993) . Legros and Grant present a general survey (indeed, it may cast its net too wide). Rehak's book is an advanced book for those who already know typecasting machinery.
Smeijers' book Counterpunch , and the altogether too brief articles by Drost ("Punch Cutting Demonstration") and Nelson ("Mold Making, Matrix Fitting, and Hand Casting") have important illustrations of hand type making processes. Harry Carter's A View of Early Typography (1969) has an authoritative overview of the state of knowledge of pre-1600 typefounding.
Paul Hayden Duensing, in his Preface to Rehak's Practical Typecasting, recommends Bohadti, Die Buchdruck Letter (1954) . (I think that this is an expanded version of Hoffmann's Die Schriftgiesser (1927.) ) Chapter IV of Bohadti was translated by Duesing and reprinted as Type Matrices (1968) .
Jacques Andre has a very good Bibliothèque virtuelle de typographie (Digital Library on Typography) at http://jacques-andre.fr/faqtypo/BiViTy/index.html.
If you are at all interested in actually making matrices and/or casting type, you really should join the American Typecasting Fellowship.
Many of the other citations below are quite minor - sometimes as little as a reference to an advertisement that contains a nice illlustration. Some of the online material is ephemeral and may be gone by the time you read this; but the old printed books are getting harder to find, too.
For the most part this present bibliography omits linecasting machinery (since it is a typecasting, not a linecasting, bibliography). However, most of the matrices of the 20th century were made by the linecasting machinery makers (Mergenthaler Linotype, Intertype, Ludlow, etc.) and are commonly used in typecasting. It is a good idea to become familiar with linecasting machinery and its literature.
I'll also include many references here for the actual operation of typecasting machines. So far I've included mostly Monotype equipment. I need to add the Thompson, at least. If you think that casting a font of type by machine is a matter of pushing buttons, you are mistaken.
For the history and design of typefaces, see Bibliography (For the History and Design of Typefaces) . A few items appear, unsystematically, both here and there.
[?] "An Invention for Setting, Rubbing and Dressing Type by Power." The Inland Printer. Vol. 2, No. 9 (June 1885): 377-378.
This remarkable article manages to describe both hand methods and a new machine, and the economics of this machine in the industry, without once identifying the machine itself. Only a note buried on p. 414 in the "Of Interest to the Craft" column identifies it as the invention of William H. Welch, 73 Olive Street, Boston.
[?, British and Colonial Printer and Stationer]. "A Chronology of Typefounding." in The Inland Printer. Vol. 3, No. 8 (May, 1886): 457-458.
Includes 19th century developments of Pouchée, and Johnson & Atkinson. Curiously, although this is 1886, it mentions no date later than 1862.
[?] Die Schriftgiesserei. [?]: [?], 1869.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. xiv. I haven't seen it (and can't read German).
[?] Kurze doch Nützlich Anleitung von Form- und Stahl-Schneiden . Erfurt: Elias Sauerländer, 1754.
Cited in Carter's Fournier on Typefounding, p. 3. Curiously, Rehak does not mention this book. I haven't seen it (and can't read German).
[?] "The Early History of British Typefounding." The Inland Printer. Vol. 2, No. 11 (Aug. 1885): 490-491.
Reprinted from The British and Colonial Printer and Stationer. Nontechnical.
[?] The History of Printing from Its Beginnings to 1930. The Subject Catalog of the American Type Founders Company Library in the Columbia University Libraries . Millwood, NY: Kraus International Publications, 1980.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. 215. I haven't yet read it.
"Business Notices [column]." The Inland Printer. Vol. 3, No. 6 (March 1886): 368.
Adoption of gas to melt type-metal, by the Manhatten Type Foundry.
[?] "The Patent Type-founding vs. Richard and another." Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 71, No. 421 (Third Series. Vol. 41, No. 1 (January 1861). Philadelphia: The Franklin Institute, 1861. pp. 414-415.
A copy of the London Mechanics' Magazine, March 1861 article on the patent litigation of the Patent Type-Founding Company (started by John R. Johnson) in defense of Johnson's GB patent 817 of 1854-04-07 "Improvements in the manufacture of type and other raised surfaces for printing" (for a Tin/Antimony typemetal potentially without lead). Online via Google Books.
[?]. "[The Printer's Devil]" Quarterly Review. Vol. 65, No. 129 (1839): 1-30. London: Clowes, 1939.
Nominally, this article is a review of two books, Charles Knight. The Printer. London. and "Printing in the Fifteenth and in the Nineteenth Centuries" in Penny Magazine. No. 369. It presents, however, a lengthy account of the typemaking and printing process framed as a visit to the Clowes' establishment (who printed it). Unless the material is actually from Knight or the Penny Magazine, this may be the origin of the account of typefounders as doing "St. Vitus' Dance." Online via Google Books.
[?] "What Makes Durable Type-Metal?" The Inland Printer. Vol. 2, No. 3 (Dec. 1884): 132.
This is a report from the Printers' Circular, refuting a position taken by the Typographic Advertiser. Basically 19th century type-metal folklore. It argues that hard type metal is bad (causing serifs to break), and being foisted upon an unsuspecting public because antimony is cheaper than tin or copper. It prefers "tough" typemetal wherein tin and copper are "freely used."
[?] "How Type is Made." The Inland Printer. Vol. 2, No. 5 (Feb. 1885): 214.
A brief popular account, copied from the Philadelphia Times. Does mention the presence of copper among the raw materials seen.
[?] "Items of Interest [column]." The Inland Printer. Vol. 3, No. 2 (Nov. 1885): 114.
"An expert typefounder can rub two sides of 287,000 agate type in six working days."
agit-prop, Flickr photostream; see http://www.flickr.com/photos/agit-prop/; for example: http://www.flickr.com/photos/agit-prop/with/424698448/ Accessed 2008-11-15.
Two photographs of punches at the Plantin-Moretus Museum, Antwerp, including one close-up of a swash-tailed Q.
American Society for Metals, Taylor Lyman, ed. Metals Handbook. Cleveland, OH: The American Society for Metals, 1948.
American Typecasting Fellowship. American Typecasting Fellowship Newsletter. Terra Alta, WV: The Hill & Dale Private Press and Typefoundry for the American Typecsting Fellowship.
If you are interested in practical typefounding, then you should be a member of the ATF. http://www.atf-hotmetal.com/
The ATF Newsletter, considered cumulatively, documents the transition of typecasting in America from its demise as a mainstream commercial business sector to its rebirth as an artistic and amateur movement. For more information, see the section on it in the CircuitousRoot page on the ATF .
American Type Founders Company. Specimen Book and Catalog. Jersey City, NJ: American Type Founders Company, 1923.
Illustrates Benton matrix engraver and Barth automatic caster.
[ATF] Rehak, Theo, Dave Peat, Rich Hopkins, eds. Photographic Views of Central Plant: American Type Founders Company, Jersey City, New Jersey . American Typecasting Fellowship, 2002.
This is a facsimile of a booklet published by ATF, the original of which Theo Rehak "discovered ... carelessly discarded". This edition was prepared with additional material by Rich Hopkins and Theo Rehak and published in 2002 as a joint keepsake for the 2002 American Typecasitng Fellowship conference (Provo, UT) and the September 2002 meeting of The Typophiles.
American Type Founders. Narrated by Ben Grauer. Type Speaks!. Film, 35 minutes, circa 1946 [date by Carl Schlesinger]. N.B. the title is "Type Speaks!", not "The Type Speaks!"
"Excellent section showing operation of Benton punch and matrix cutting machine; how individual type is cast at ATF, designing of typefaces." (description from Carl Schlesinger's catalog). It features Ben Grauer being literate and Warren Chappell drawing Lydian. It shows a little punchcutting and matrix driving, but concentrates on the machine engraving methods in use at ATF.
Anderson, Mike. " From Thought to Type: Part 1, "Designing the Typeface." Galley Gab No. 2 (February, 2007): pp. 1-3.
Describes the use of digital techniques to produce photopolymer plates which are in turn used as the patterns for engraving matrices with a Deckel pantograph engraver.
Anderson, Mike. " From Thought to Type: Part 2, "Making the Matrices." Galley Gab No. 3 (March, 2007): pp. 8-11.
"This article describes the use of a Deckel Pantograph to engrave brass matrices to be used on a Thompson Type Caster."
Anderson, Mike. "From Thought to Type: Part 3, "Casting the Type." Galley Gab No. 4 (April, 2007): pp. 5-7.
This is a general overview of using the Thompson Type Caster to cast type.
Note that the website mentioned in Galley Gab, www.galleygab.net, is no longer in operation. All twelve issues are available for download at http://www.metaltype.co.uk/galleygab.shtml.
Anderson, Mike. "Practical Electrotyping Guide - How to Make Your Own Matrices." in American Typecasting Fellowship Newsletter . No. 27 (March, 2002): 9-15.
Annenberg, Maurice. Type Foundries of America and their Catalogs. Baltimore, MD: Maran Publishing Services, 1975.
Annenberg, Maurice, additions by Stephen O. Saxe and index by Elizabeth K. Lieberman. Type Foundries of America and their Catalogs. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Books, 1994.
Essential. Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. 215.
Annenberg, Maurice, ed. A Typographical Journey through The Inland Printer: 1883-1900 Baltimore, MD: Maran Publishing Services, 1977. xx + 731pp. ISBN: 0-916526-04-06. LC: 77-89269.
Even the people I know who own a complete run of The Inland Printer find Annenberg's Typographical Journey a much more convenient reference. It also contains reprints of a number of articles on matters of typecasting, matrix electroforming, etc.
Avis, F. C. Edward Philip Prince: Type Punchcutter. London: For the Author, 1967.
Prince will be remembered (to the extent that a punchcutter will ever be remembered) as the one who cut the punches for Morris' types. He was clearly one of the more talented punchcutters of his generation, though, and this is one of the few book-length studies of any punchcutter.
Audin, Marius. Histoire de L'Imprimerie par L'Image: Tome I - L'Histoire et La Technique . Pris: Henre Jonquières, 1928.
Alas, I have no idea what the text says, but the illustrations include a French-style hand-mold ("Outillage de fonderie au XIXe siècle. d'après un dessin de Tellier, gravé par Lacost."), an engraving of a presumably early 19th century type foundry, two small photographs of a 20th century French type foundry, and an engraving of a 19th century French typecasting machine, "système Baudouin."
Bachmann, J. H. Die Schriftgiesserei. Leipzig: [?], 1869.
Cited in Carter's edition of Fournier, p. xi. I haven't yet read it.
Baines, Phil and Andrew Haslam. Type & Typography. Second Edition. NY: Watson-Guptill Publications division of VNU Business Media, Inc., 2005.
Page 95 of this volume has a set of four photographs collectively titled "Mechanical punchcutting at Monotype, c. 1956." They are courtesy of Agfa Monotype Corp. They show an (illegible) design being drawn, that design being traced/cut onto a wax-coated glass plate using a pantograph engraver, a woman examining the wax plate with the unwanted wax removed, and finally a punchcutting machine (tracer only shown) following the electrotyped pattern made from the wax. It is impossible to see much in the first two photographs. In the third photograph, if it is assumed that the woman is reading the glass plate wax-side toward her, then the images must be intaglio (wax cut away in the letter portion) and reversed. The final photograph shows a tracer tracing the outside of a relief, obverse (right-reading) letterform pattern.
Baines, Phil and Andrew Haslam. Type & Typography. First Edition. NY: Watson-Guptill Publications division of VNU Business Media, Inc., 2002.
Contains the same illustration as the 2005 second edition, but on p. 77.
Barnhart Brothers & Spindler. The Type-Founder. 1876-1908.
House organ of the BB& S typefoundry.
Barth, Henry and Ernst Lietze. "Type Casting and Finishing Machine." U.S. Patent No. 376,765. 1888-01-24.
--- and ---. "Type Casting and Finishing Machine." U.S. Patent No. 392,710. 1888-11-13.
The Barth and Lietze patents 376,765 and 392,710 are the basic patents for the Barth Type Casting Machine used first by Barth's Cincinnati Type Foundry and then by ATF.
---. "Type-Casting." U.S. Patent No. 708,010/ 1902-09-02.
Vacuum type casting.
Bauer, Konrad F. Wie eine Buchdruckschrift entsteht. Frankfurt am Main: Bauersche Giesserei, n.d. [1933?] 20pp.
A scan of this book is online at http://www.drukwerkindemarge.org/techniek/handleidingen/
---. Wie eine Buchdruckschrift entsteht. Frankfurt am Main: Bauersche Giesserei, n.d. [1953?] 30pp.
This book was issued twice with the same title but a different number of pages. A biographical sketch of Konrad Friedrich Bauer at the Klingspor Museum ( http://www.klingspor-museum.de/KlingsporKuenstler/Schriftdesigner/BauerK_BaumW/BauerBaum.pdf) identifies the 20 page version, in a list of his publications, as "30er Jahre"; the other (30 pages) is identified as "50er Jahre." K.F.Bauer was born 1903-12-09, so I presume that "30er Jahre," if it refers to his age at the time, would be roughly 1933. If so, 50er Jahre would be roughly 1953.
Bauer Type Foundry. Human Touch. (NY: The Spiral Press, 1937).
Contains three (there were nine total) important woodcuts by Karl Mahr illustrating the type-making process. reprinted by CircuitousRoot
Bengtsson, Bengt. Älre Typografisk Teknik. Stockholm: Skolan för Bokhantverk, 1946.
This is in Swedish, a language which I cannot read. To judge from the illustrations, however, it is a study of traditional handpress printing techniques with a good section on hand typefounding. It has some good illustrations.
Benton, Linn Boyd. "The Making of Type." [a chapter in] Hitchcock, Frederick H., ed. The Building of a Book. First edition. (NY: The Grafton Press, 1906) pp. 31-40.
The first edition is available online via Google Books. There was also a second edition (NY: R. R. Bowker, 1929).
---. "Mold for Casting Printers' Leads." U.S. Patent No. 254,792. 1882-03-14.
Is this Benton's first patent?
---, and Isaac Baas, Jr. "Type-Mold" U.S. Patent No. 326,009. 1885-09-08.
A mold for typecasting machines. Baas' name actually comes first on the Specification.
---. "Punch Cutting Machine." U.S. Patent No. 332,990. 1885-12-22.
{Cost 1994, p. 30} identifies 1885 as the date of the patent of Benton's third punch cutting machine; this must be it. It shows a single-column machine (although Rehak (p. 126) illustrates a machine from 1884 that is mechanically similar, down to the same use of a watchmaker's lathe headstock, with two columns). Engraves punches with cutter below punch. See Benton's patent 809,548 (1906-01-09) for a later version.
---. "Tool-Grinder." U.S. Patent No. 422,874. 1890-03-04.
I think this must be the first tool grinder patent for Benton's punch (later punch/matrix) engraving machines. See Benton's patent 774,030 (1900-05-05) for a later version.
---. "Type-Dressing Machine." U.S. Patent No. 680,685. 1901-08-20.
---. "Type [Imitating Hand Engraving]." U.S. Patent No. 720,314. 1903-02-10.
---. "Grinding-Machine." U.S. Patent No. 774,030. 1900-05-05.
A tool grinding machine for the punch and matrix engravers. See Benton's patent 422,874 for an earlier version.
---. "Tracing Apparatus." U.S. Patent No. 790,172. 1905-05-16.
Pantograph engraving machine for metal patterns for punch/matrix cutting.
---. "Matrix and Punch Cutting Machine." U.S. Patent No. 809,548 1906-01-09.
This machine is a two-column machine similar to the "No. 55" shown on Cost's blog. It engraves matrices with the cutter above the matrix. Note that Legros (1908) illustrates a machine which seems to be intermediate between this and the earlier ones (the machine in Legros is two-column, but the tool is below the workpiece). See Benton's patent 332,990 (1885-12-22) for an earlier version.
---. "Matrix-Trimming and Similar Machine." U.S. Patent No. 819,842. 1906-05-08.
---. "Automatic Type-Casting Machine." U.S. Patent No. 851,855. 1907-04-30.
Improvements on the Barth Type Casting Machine.
---. "[Matrix] Depth-Gauge." U.S. Patent No. 931,253 1909-08-17.
---. "Parallel Liner." U.S. Patent No. 1,066,576. 1913-07-13.
For marking parallel lines.
---. "Apparatus for Cutting Matrices. U.S. Patent No. 1,068,478. 1913-07-29.
I must look further at this one; I don't understand it yet.
---. "Type-Casting Machine." U.S. Patent No. 1,115,773. 1914-11-03.
More improvements on the Barth.
Benton, Morris Fuller. "Automatic Metal-Feed for Type-Casting Machine." U.S. Patent No. 1,272,193. 1918-07-09.
---. "Fonting Apparatus. U.S. Patent No. 1,418,057. 1922-04-30.
[Benton, L.B.] ONO, Takashi. [web page including a brief mention and illustration of the Benton engraver received by Japan from ATF.]
[TO DO] The citation of this page is complex.
Bigelow, Charles, Paul Hayden Duensing, Linnea Gentry, eds. Fine Print on Type: The Best of Fine Print Magazine on Type and Typography San Francisco, CA: Fine Print / Bedford Arts, 1989.
A collection of articles from the magazine Fine Print. Most of these are more artistic than technical, but it does include:
Blum, William and George B. Hogablum. Principles of Electroplating and Electroforming. NY: McGraw-Hill, 1924.
This is the general text on electroplating/forming cited in Rice, Part 3.
Bohadti, Gustav. Die Buchdruck Letter: Ein Handbuch für das Schriftgiesserei-und-Buchdruckgewerbe. West-Berlin: Ullstein A.G., 1954.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. xiv as a "greatly expanded and more detailed" version of Hoffmann's Die Schriftgiesser; Ein Lehrbuch für das Gewerbe (1927). It is enough to make me want to learn German. The illustrations are quite good. They show some of the basics of matrix making as very clear line drawings, and the photographs illustrate a number of interesting German casting machines. There are also good photographs of punchcutting (or at least of a punchcutter at work at his bench).
Bohadti, Gustav. Trans., ed. Paul Hayden Duensing. Type MatricesBeing Chapter IV of Die Buchdruckletter, translated, with a biographical note, the original illustrations, and a bibliography . Kalamazoo, MI: Private Press and Typefoundry of Paul Hayden Duensing, 1968.
As its subtitle says, this is a translation of Chapter IV of Bohadti's Die Buchdruck Letter (1954) .
Bolton, David. "Showing of Monotype Matrices Expanded; Proprietary English Mats Revealed." ATF Newsletter. No. 33 (October, 2009): 31.
Interesting information on English Monotype compatible matrices made by Stephen Austin & Sons. See also John Harrison. "Matrix Making at Stephen Austin and Sons; Work Leads to Merger with Ludlow, U.S. Closure." ATF Newsletter. No. 33 (October, 2009): 32-34.
Brightly, Charles. The Method of Founding Stereotype. Bungay, Suffolk: C. Brightly for R. Phillips, 1809.
Reprinted together with Thomas Hodgson's An Essay on the Origin and Progress of Stereotype Printing. John Bidwell, ed., Michael L. Turner, intro. (NY: Garland Publishing, 1982.)
"The first object of attention, in this department [composing for stereotype platemaking], is the form of the type most convenient for casting plates. In new founts the letter-founder should be directed to leave the body of the letter square from the foot to the shoulder; the leads and spaces corresponding in height with the shoulder of the letter; so that, when standing together in a page, the whole may form one solid mass, with no other cavities than what are formed by the face of the letter." (p. 9).
Bruce, David and James Eckman, ed. History of Typefounding in the United States. (1874) NY: The Typophiles, 1981.
Bruce, David, Jr. "Machine for Smoothing the Sides of Type." U.S. Patent No. 631. 1838-03-10.
---. "Machine for Casting Printing Types." U.S. Patent No. 632. 1838-03-17.
Generally cited as the beginning of practical machine type casting in America.
---. "Improvement in Type-Casting Machines." U.S. Patent No. 3,324. 1843-11-06.
The Bruce Type Caster in recognizable form.
---. "Improvement in Type-Smoothing Machines." U.S. Patent No. 5,483. 1848-03-28.
---. "Improvement in Type Machines." U.S. Patent No. 80448. 1868-07-28.
Breaking off the jet.
---. "Improvement in Type-Casting Machines." U.S. Patent No. 83,828. 1868-11-10.
Improvements in the motion works of the Bruce Type Casting Machine.
Bruckner, D. J. R. Frederic Goudy. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1990.
This includes several photographs of Goudy's matrix engraving equipment not present in Goudy's own Typologia.
[Bullen, portrait in 1898] In "Henry Lewis Bullen." Inland Printer. (Vol. 22, No. 2 (November, 1898): 204-205.
This article announced Bullen's appointment as "the new Manager of the Buffalo Branch of the American Type Founders Company."
Burnette, Douglas. Out of Sorts: Typefounding in the 20th Century. [film, in production]
Burnette was working on this film in the 2009 timeframe. At present (2011) there are video clips of portions of it online on youtube. These show Stan Nelson at work making type. After struggling through the results of multiple generations of video transfers from low-budget films from the 1930s through 1950s, it is SO nice to see modern well-shot film with proper lighting!
Carr, Dan. [I don't know the title of the article yet; article on the Küco caster] Matrix. 27. pp. 144-150.
Reviewed in ATF Newsletter No. 33 (October, 2009); 35.
Carter, Harry G. A View of Early Typography. (The Lyell Lectures, 1968) Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1969.
This summarizes (with some authority) the state of knowledge as of 1968 of early typefounding in all aspects (from the punch on). It also has a good illustration of an English hand mold from 1850.
---. "Letter Design and Typecutting." Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. Vol. CII (1953-11-27 to 1954-11-12) No. 4935 (Friday, 1st October 1953): 878-895.
This contains some technical detail, and a photograph of punchcutting at the bench, but has more on letter design than on punchcutting.
Carter, Sebastian. Twentieth Century Type Designers. Second Edition. NY: W. W. Norton, 1995.
Uncharacteristically for a late 20th century writer, he frequently cites foundry names and even punchcutters and matrix engravers. This is good.
Cinamon, Gerald. Rudolf Koch: Letterer, Type Designer, Teacher. New Castle, DE / London: Oak Knoll Press / The British Library, 2000.
Clouse, Doug. MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan: Typographic Tastemakers of the Late Nineteenth Century . New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Books, 2008.
Cochrane, Charles H. "Type and Type Founding." Encyclopedia Americana. NY: Encyclopedia Americana Corp., 1920. Vol. 27, pages 236-238.
[Conner] "On Bogus Typefounding." in Compact Specimens of James Conner's Sons. (NY: James Conner's Sons, 1891): xi.
Electroforming matrices. Cited in Rice, Part 1.
Consuegra, David. American Type Design and Designers. NY: Allworth Press, 2004
Cost, Patricia A. The Bentons: How an American Father and Son Changed the Printing Industry . Rochester, NY: RIT Cary Graphic Arts Press, 2011. ISBN: 978-1-933360-42-3. RIT Cary Press, http://www.carypress.rit.edu/
You need this book.
Cost, Patricia A. "Linn Boyd Benton, Morris Fuller Benton, and Typemaking at ATF." Printing History. Nos. 31/32: 27-44.
Available online at: http://www.printinghistory.org/htm/journal/articles/31-32-Cost-Benton.pdf Until Cost's book comes out, this is the best source available for information about the Bentons.
---. "The Bentons: How an American Father and Son Changed the Type Industry." [Blog] http://patriciacost.wordpress.com/
She has photographed the No. 55 Benton Matrix Engraver at the Dale Guild Type Foundry (entry for: February 22, 2008).
De Vinne, Theodore Low. The Practice of Typography: A Treatise on the Proces sof Type-Making[,] the Point System, and the Names, Sizes[,] Styles and Prices of Plain Printing Types . NY: The Century Co., 1900.
This may be the best-known work on the subject, after Moxon. It contains a general technical overview of punches and typefounding. It illustrates (nicely) the hand mold, and the Bruce type-casting machine & the Barth type-casting machine (indeed, the illustrations here seem to be the ones commonly seen elsewhere).
Diderot, Denis and Jean le Rond d'Alembert. Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers . Vol. 2. Paris, 1752. Article: CHARACTERES D'IMPRIMERIE, p. 650-666
The French "Wikisource" site has the Encyclopédie online, including at least the text of this earticle, at http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclopédie,_ou_Dictionnaire_raisonné_des_sciences,_des_arts_et_des_métiers (they probably have the plates, too, but I don't read French and haven't yet been able to find them). There is also another online version (text only, I think; in French) at http://diderot.alembert.free.fr At the time of writing (October 2008), Google Books has only later editions of volumes other than II.
Cited by Carter in his edition of Fournier, p. xi, as article: Caractère.
[Southward, John, and Hugh Munro Ross.] "Typography." Encyclopædia Britannica. Eleventh Edition, NY: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, 1911. Vol. 27, pages 509-548.
Drost, Henk. "Punch Cutting Demonstration." Visible Language. Vol. XIX, No. 1 (Winter 1985): 98-105.
An essential series of photographs of the process.
Duensing, Paul Hayden. "A New Civilité." Fine Print. Vol. 11, No. 1 (January, 1985): 35-41. San Francisco, CA: Fine Print, 1985. [Reprinted in Fine Print on Type (1989): 84-90.]
The history of Zapf's new Civilité as engraved by Duensing from 1971 (project start) through circa 1972-1973 (trial cuttings) to 1983-1984 (recutting finished).
Duensing, Paul Hayden and Rich Hopkins, ed. Matlas: An Atlas of Matrices. Kalamazoo, MI: The Private Press and Typefoundry of Paul Hayden Duensing, 1988 and Terra Alta, WV: Hill and Dale Private Press and Typefoundry, 2008.
"Matlas" (= "matrix atlas") is the basic working collection of matrix dimensions. The 2008 edition is an electronic edition prepared by Rich Hopkins which adds one additional page found in the late Paul Hayden Duensing's papers (with matrix drawings clearly intended for the original publication) and another page of photographs of matrices which appeared originally in American Typecasting Fellowship Newsletter . No. 32 (August, 2008).
Note however that Matlas does not document the corner bevel of the Lanston Monotype display matrix. For partial documentation of that, see Rehak. Practical Typecasting. p. 191.
Duensing, Paul Hayden. "Metal Type: Whither Ten Years Hence?" Fine Print. Vol. 11, No. 1 (January, 1985): 35-41. San Francisco, CA: Fine Print, 1985.
Includes a list of typefoundries then in operation.
Duensing, Paul Hayden. "Private Type Faces." Fine Print. Vol. ?, Nos. 2, 3 [?] (April, July, 1978). San Francisco, CA: Fine Print, 1978.
Contains a brief overview of Duensing's methods for (a) making film positives for patterns, (b) engraving matrices (using a Panto-Utility Engraver UE2, H. P. Preis Co., Also shows (well, if briefly) the general methods for hand-cutting punches, (some notes on) machine-cutting punches, and electroforming matrices from engraved lead or aluminum "types."
Duensing, Paul Hayden. "The Punchcutter in the tower of Babel." Fine Print. Vol. 12, No. 1 (January, 1986): 6-10. San Francisco, CA: Fine Print, 1986.
Punchcutting and typefounding beyond English, especially in accented languages. Illustrates the "stepped" punch in which the accent is separate from, and set into, the basic punch. He discusses the practical difficulties of engraving accents by machine.
Duensing, Paul Hayden. Proposed Draft for A Syllabus of Typographic Taxonomy. (Vicksburg, MI: The Private Press & Typefoundry of Paul Hayden Duensing, 1980).
"Submitted for consideration at the Second National Conference on Hot-Metal Typecasting and Design [that is, the second American Typecasting Fellowship Conference] at Larchmont, New York, June 29 to July 2, 1980.
This is the best outline of the entire field of making metal printing type. Most other accounts assume that the method they document was the only method; this outline covers all significant methods.
Eckman, James. "The Great Western Type Foundry of Barnhart Brothers and Spindler, 1869-1933." Printing and Graphic Arts. Vol. 9 (1961): 1-32.
Encyclopedia Americana. NY: The Encyclopedia Americana Corp., 1920.
Available online via Google Books.
[English Cyclopædia] Arts and Sciences, or, Fourth Division of "The English Cyclopædia" "Conducted by Charles Knight." Vol. 6. London: Bradbury, Evans and Co., 1867.
The article "Printing" contains a woodcut of a type mold, closed, jet up (unpaginated, but numbered with two columns per page; this is in column 749). It is the same woodcut, and the same article, which appeared in Knight's 1843 Penny Cyclopædia.
This contains a woodcut of a type mold, closed, jet up. It is the same illustration (indeed, the same article) which appears in Knight's English Cyclopædia (1867).
[Eaton and Lyon] "A Type-Rubbing Machine." ["Items of Interest" column] The Inland Printer. Vol. 2, No. 1 (Oct. 1884): 45.
Seems mostly involved with moving the type between grinding positions.
Filmer, William (?) "James Conner" The Printer. ii. (May, 1859): 3.
Cited in Rice, Part 2.
Filmer, William. "Electro-Metallurgy." The Printer. i. (1858): 3.
Cited in Rice, Part 1.
Fournier, le jeune. [Pierre Simon] Manual Typographique. 1764.
---. Fournier on Typefounding: The Text of the Manuel Typographique (1964-1768) translated into English by Harry Carter . London: The Soncino Press, 1930 (and 60 copies sold in the U.S. by Random House).
Note that while the title says that this is "the text" of Fournier (and it is), it does also include reproductions of the illlustrations.
The original edition (in French, of course) of Volume 1 of Fournier's Manuel Typographique has now been scanned by Google Books. I have reproduced a copy of this scan locally .
Also note that Smeijers reproduces and comments upon some of Fournier.
---. Fournier on Typefounding: The Text of the Manuel Typographique (1964-1768) translated into English and edted with notes .
This 1973 reprint of Carter's 1930 translation of Fournier on typefounding contains a new introduction by Carter. The plates as reproduced are slightly fuzzy, but perfectly useful.
---. The Manual Typographique of Pierre-Simon Fournier le jeune: Together with Fournier on Typefounding, an English Translation of the Text by Harry Carter . Introduction and Notes by James Mosley. 3 vols. Darmstadt: Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, 1985.
Fournier, le jeune. [Pierre Simon] Manuel Typographique Utile aux Gens De Lettres. Tome II. Paris: J. Barbou, 1766.
Available online via Google Books. Regrettably (for the matter at hand), Tome II merely illustrates many typefaces; it does not really concern typefounding. It looks as if Google has scanned Tome I, but as of the time of writing (Oct. 2008) they haven't released it.
[Fournier] See also: Hutt. Fournier: The Compleat Typographer (1972).
Freier, Paul. "Herstellung der Schrift." [machine translation: "Production of writing"] which is a chapter within "Technik des Buchdruckgewerbes: Tecknik des Satzes Schriftherstellung" in J. Bass, Das Buchdruckerbuch: Studien- unc Nachschlagewerk - Fachbuch für Buchdruck und Verwandte Gewrbe . Stuttgart: Deutscher fachseitshcriften- und Fachbuch-Verlag, 1953.
At times such as this I wish I wasn't so illiterate and could in fact read the languages of the world. This book as a whole is a large, general survey of all aspects of printing. The chapter in question seems to cover all aspects of the making of type, including punches, matrices, handcasting, machine casting, and dressing. The illustrations, at least, include: machine-cut punches and matrices and type made from them, a press for sinking punches (with a quite extraordinary lever), some form of electrotyping, a horizontal pantograph matrix engraver, casting in the hand mold and with what looks like a pivotal caster, an automatic foundry caster (Bauersche Giesserei; not a Kustermann or a Barth), You never actually see the press illustrated, and I would never have guessed that the lever would be this disproportionately long.
Fry, Stephen, presenter. The Medieval Season [series, aka The Medieval Mind], Stephen Fry and the Gutenberg Press [episode; aka "Stephen Fry and the Machine that Made Us" or simply "The Machine that Made Us"]. BBC4 documentary film aired in 2008. See: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/medieval/gutenberg.html
According to a review by Stephen O. Saxe (APHA Newsletter, No. 168 (Fall 2008)) "... Fry is aided by Stan Nelson, who is probably more expert in early methods of typecasting than anyone else. With Stephen Fry looking over his shoulder, we see Stan filing the punch for a lower-case "e," making a smoke proof, striking a matrix, and finlly casting the letter. Stan had proposed that these typefounding scenes be shot at the Plantin-Moretus Museum, but for budgetary reasons they were finally recorded at an old blacksmith's shop in England near alan May's home. And while the lower-case 'e' shown being made is eventually inserted into the final form, the rest of the page was made up from Theo Rehak and Alan Waring's B-42 type, cast in New Jersey at Dale Guild. This font is the closes we have to Bible type that Gutenberg produced." (p. 6)
It shows Nelson casting in what looks to be a hand mold of his making (lovely shiny brass). It shows the movement of the mold for various sets, very nicely. Note also the protective glove he wears. Interestingly, he does not shake the mold when casting. He also uses a pick separate from the mold. They omit finishing/dressing the type. The punchcutting segment shows Fry at a bench with a file, but is not very detailed. The matrix driving segment shows the punch being hammered into a matrix, but does not show the matrix being justified.
Fuhrmann, Otto W. "The Invention of Printing." in The Dolphin: A Journal of the Making of Books . No. 3. NY: The Limited Editions Club, 1938. Pages 25-57.
Available online at Carnegie-Mellon University's Posner Library: http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/
Is critical of Mori on grounds which doubt reconstructive archaeology in general.
[Johann Michael Funcke] Ed. James Mosley. Kurtze Anleitung von Form- und Stahlscheiden Darmstadt: [by Martin Boghardt, Frans. A. Janssen und Walter Wilkes / Technischen Universität Darmstadt], 1998.
This is a facsimile reprint of a work from 1740 by Funcke on engraving, punchcutting, and the reproduction of woodcuts in metal by the "clichage" (making of a cliché) or "dabbing" process. It contains a lengthy introduction by James Mosley, in German and French. The section on punchcutting is the earliest work in German on this subject. I can't actually read it (it is in German), but Mosley indicates that it is written more for printers who might be obliged on occasion to turn their hands to punchcutting (especially of ornaments, not letters) rather than for the professional punchcutter.
This book is discussed briefly in James Mosley's "Typefoundry" blog (one of the few blogs worth reading) for 13 January 2006: "Dabbing, ablatschen, clichage..." at http://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2006_01_01_archive.html As of 2012, the original 1998 printing has not yet sold out and this work is available from the book dealer S. P. Tuohy: 45 Warwick Street, Oxford OX4 1SZ, UK. sptuohy@hotmail.com
Gaskell, Philip. A New Introduction to Bibliography. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.
A very complete overview of typemaking, and of all phases of traditional and machine printing and book-making. Recommended by James Mosley in his blog (April 2007), but see also the blog for notes on problems in the drawing of a type mold here.
Gessner, Christian Friedrich. Die so Nöthig als nützliche Buchdruckerkunst und Schriftgiesserey . Leipzig: [?], 1740.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. xiii. I haven't seen it (and can't read German).
[Goudy] See also: Lewis. Behind the Type
[Goudy], and Maurice Kellerman (director). The Creation of a Printing Type: From the Design to the Print by Frederic W. Goudy . "A Paramount Picture presented by Adolph Zukor." 1933.
This shows Goudy at work drawing a letter, tracing the letter, cutting the cardstock pattern for it, engraving the working pattern using an industrial pantograph engraver, engraving the matrix using a Benton-style vertical pantograph engraver (not clearly shown, alas). The matrix is then cast on a Monotype display caster, though it is not clear that Goudy is doing the casting (did he have a caster in his Deepdene studio?) Curiously, while the matrix so engraved and cast is a standard Lanston Monotype display matrix, the matrix shown being placed into an array of matrices afterward is not. Goudy (himself) then prints the type on an iron handpress.
A tiny version of this film is online at: http://www.TypeCulture.org/ Streaming video doesn't work well in all browsers, though. If it helps, the real RTSP address is: rtsp://streaming.typeculture.org/streaming.typeculture.org/Goudy_stream.mov
This film formerly was available from Carl Schlesinger. In his catalog, Carl calls this film "Type designer in Action". On the DVD itself, he calls it 'Frederick [sic] Goudy "Designing Type"'. It's all the same film.
Finally, this film is now available as a part of Richard Kegler's film about Jim Rimmer, Making Faces (in the DVD's "extras").
[Goudy] See also Bruckner. Frederic Goudy .
Goudy, Frederic W. "On Designing a Type Face." in The Dolphin: A Journal of the Making of Books . No. 1. NY: The Limited Editions Club, 1933. Pages 3-23.
Available online at Carnegie-Mellon University's Posner Library: http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/
[Goudy] Boone, Andrew. "Type by Goudy." Popular Science. Vol. 140, No. 4. (April, 1942): 114-119.
This is a rather well-done popular article on Goudy's methods for engraving matrices. It has several good photographs and illustrations, including some of the Benton-derived (but not Benton) pantograph engraver used by Goudy and the cutter grinder he used. Drawings of Scripps and Hadriano. This article has been scanned and is online on the " Modern Mechanix" blog. It is also online for full view (but not download) at Google Books (but the images in this presentation are not as good).
Goudy, Frederic. Typologia. Berkeley, CA: The University of California Press, 1940.
Reprinted in paperback by the UC Press in 1977. Goudy's methods were slightly unconventional. This volume includes several photographs of his pantograph engraver for patterns, patterns, matrix engraver, and matrix engraver cutting tool sharpeners (it appears he used both the old and new style Benton sharpening devices).
Gray, Nicolette. XIXth Century Ornamented Types and Title Pages. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 1938.
(Gray's name is spelled "Nicolette" in this work.) Illustrations of types traced by hand by Miss Irene Hawkins. In addition to being the book which first paid serious scholarly attention to Victorian ornamented types, and in addition to being exceptionally graceful in its style, this book also has some very good historical sketches of Victorian typefoundries. She is the only one I've read who pieces together the story of the two Austin Letter Foundries.
Gray, Nicolete. Nineteenth Century Ornamented Typefaces. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1976.
Printed in Oxford, England at the University Press there. Gray's first name is now spelled "Nicolete." This is a second edition (not just another impression) of XIXth Century Ornamented Types and Title Pages . It is larger in format and contains much better illustrations. It omits the chapter on title pages present in the original edition, and adds a chapter on "Ornamental Types in America" written by the American printer Ray Nash.
Hamilton Manufacturing Company. Specimens of Wood Type. Seventeenth Edition. Two Rivers, WI: Hamilton Manufacturing Company, circa 1907. (Reprinted by Shooting Star Press (John Horn), P.O. Box 17252, Little Rock, AR 72222-7252. The splendid printing of this reprint was done by Rich Hopkins at his Pioneer Press of West Virginia.)
Yes, this is wood type pure and simple - not metal. But there was some overlap and exchange between wood and metal, especially in the area of ornamental types.
Hansard, T. C. The Art of Printing Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1851.
Extracted from the Encyclopædia Britannica, with additions on lithographic printing by William Nichol. Not much here, really. Available online via Google Books.
Harper & Brothers. "A Visitor's Guide to Harper & Brothers' Establishment" in Harper and Brothers' Descriptive List of their Publications with Trade-List Prices .NY: Harper & Brothers, 1878.
This source is sometimes cited as a reference for electroforming matrices. It actually concerns the process of electrotyping printing plates. Online at: Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum, http://cprr.org/Museum/Engravings/Harpers_Engravings.html
[Harris, Carroll T; M&H] [TO DO: 1975 interview, from archive.org]
Harrison, John. "Matrix Making at Stephen Austin and Sons; Work Leads to Merger with Ludlow, U.S. Closure." ATF Newsletter. No. 33 (October, 2009): 32-34.
Account of the matrix making operations of Stephen Austin & Sons (English Monotype compatible matrices, sometimes even as suppliers to The Monotype Corporation Limited itself.) Also their manufacture of Ludlow compatible matrices and acquisition of Ludlow. See also Bolton, David. "Showing of Monotype Matrices Expanded; Proprietary English Mats Revealed." ATF Newsletter. No. 33 (October, 2009): 31. and Hopkins, Rich and Pat Molitor. "Electrodeposited Matrices for the Ludlow Machine." ATF Newsletter. No. 33 (October, 2009): 34.
Henry, John. [photographs taken by John Henry in 2009 of a hand mold then in his possession]. Mineral Point, WI: CircuitousRoot, 2011. Also shows a matrix and cast type. http://www.CircuitousRoot.com/artifice/letters/press/typemaking/hand-casting/gallery/index#john-henry-hand-mold-photos
Hochleitner, Michael ("wasianed"), Flickr photostream; see http://www.flickr.com/photos/wasianed/; for example: http://www.flickr.com/photos/wasianed/2454903602/ Accessed 2008-11-15.
Several photographs of punches, nd molds at the Plantin-Moretus Museum, Antwerp, including Guy Hutsebaut demonstrating a hand mold.
Hodgson, Thomas An Essay on the Origin and Progress of Stereotype Printing. Newcastle: Printed by and for S. Hodgson, 1820.
Reprinted together with Charles Brightley's The Method of Founding Stereotype. John Bidwell, ed., Michael L. Turner, intro. (NY: Garland Publishing, 1982.)
"... the types must have been prepared for the purpose, in the same manner as at present; - the shoulders of the types* have not been dressed off, and the spaces and quadrats, together with the leads put between the lines, have been cast of the exact height of the shoulder, and rendered square on the top, thus making the page, when composed, present a smooth and solid body immediately below the neck of the type." [original footnote:] "* The shoulders of a type are the square corners of the shank, or body, immediately below the neck; they are usually dressed off at an angle..." (p. 51)
Hoffmann, Hermann Die Schriftgiesser; Ein Lehrbuch für das Gewerbe . [Leipzig]: Verein Deutscher Schriftgiessereien E.V. [Association of German Type Foundries], 1927.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. xiv.
Höger, Karl. Aus eigener Kraft! Gie Geschichte eines Österreichischen Arbeitervereines . [machine translation: "From Own Strength: The History of an Austrian Workers' Association] Wien: Niederösterreichischen Buchdrucker- und schriftgiesser-Vereines (Karl Miess), 1892.
Contains a plate illustrating "Das Innere einer Wiener Schriftgiesserei anfangs des XIX Jahrhunderts" [The inside of a Vieneese writing-foundry at the beginning of the 19th century]
Holler, H. D. and E. L. Peffer. "The Relation Between Composition and Density of Aqueous Solutions of Copper Sulfate and Sulfuric Acid." Bulletin of the National Bureau of Standards. Vol. 13 (1916): 273.
This is a general technical work on one aspect of copper plating (which by application here applies to the electroforming of matrices). Cited in Rice, Part 3.
Hopkins, Richard L. "Alignment for Sorts." (Terra Alta, WV: Hill and Dale Private Press and Typefoundry, 2007.)
A 1935 table by Lanston Monotype Machine Company recomposed and annotated by Rich Hopkins.
Hopkins, Richard L. [unattributed] "A Private Press Achievement of Greatest Proportions." American Typecasting Fellowship Newsletter. No. 33 (October, 2009): 2-5.
A lovely article on the development by Rimmer of his Hannibal typeface for his edition of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Illustrates a matrix case filled with large (Monotype) composition matrices made by Rimmer (for Hannibal, electroformed from pantographically engraved patrices), and Rimmer at a pantograph engraver.
Hopkins, Richard L. American Typecasting Fellowship Commemorative Casting / Story Behind the Engraved Matrix . Terra Alta, WV: Hill & Dale Private Press and Typefoundry, 1994.
The title of this booklet might suggest that it tells the story in general of engraved matrices. It does not. Rather, it recounts the history of one particular engraved matrix, the one used for the third commemorative casting done for the American Typecasting Fellowship. This matrix was made in 1994 on a surviving American Type Founders "Ad-Cut" pantograph engraver by William C. Gregan for The Dale Guild.
Hopkins, Richard L. Casting a Font of Type. Terra Alta, WV: Hill and Dale Private Press and Typefoundry. Film, 84 min. total.
Rich Hopkins casting 24 point type on the Thompson (an electric machine, with yet a 3rd (to me) type of shop-made modification to the starting mechanism). Also shows Monotype composition caster, Monotype display caster ("Orphan Annie"), Supercaster, and Monomatic II.
It has an excellent presentation of many different kinds of matrices. Examining and arranging mats in preparation for casting. Use of ATF font scheme. Examining test casts (incl. use of two cap 'H' characters head-to-head to check set by symmetry). Use of 72 point gauge for checking set width. Use of steel line standard. Use of alignment gauge. Changing set width (note that his Thompson lacks the guard over this mechanism). Changing mats (I find that I need to do a test cast for each new sort; Rich does not). Fonting into a composing stick (in arbitrary order so that it fits). Tying and packing a font.
Next a Monotype Composition Caster in operation. Matrix cases (15x15, 15x17, reference to English 16x17; Monomatic (18x18) / Monomatic II (also 18x18 in two parts)). American vs. English ("side-hole") mats; double mats; quadruple mats. Unit width mat case arrangement; Monomatic frequency-of-use mat case arrangement. Wedges, Stopbars, Unit Count Wheels / Justification Scale ("Drums"), and their correspondences (also the Keyboard setup (stopbar [he mistakenly says "keybar" here], justification scale, keybar, keybanks ("keybuttons")). Keyboarding (here he keyboards a font, not composed matter). Setup of the Composition Caster (again, here casting a font rather than composed matter). Casting quads with the mat case disconnected; checking set width against a steel standard. Checking vertical alignment, using 'H' and a steel line standard. Checking horizontal alignment using two 'H' characters back to back. No fonting required.
In this (Schlesinger) edition, the main video is followed by an autobiographical video by Rich Hopkins. This includes not only his metal type interests but als his commercial business, The Pioneer Press (cmputer based phototypesetting to offset).
I watched this video first in 2008 before I knew anything, and didn't understand much. In watching it now after apprenticing on the Thompson, I find it an excellent and most intelligible resource.
[unattributed, but really] Hopkins, Richard L. and Pat Molitor. "Electrodeposited Matrices for the Ludlow Machine." ATF Newsletter. No. 33 (October, 2009): 34.
Extremely large Ludlow-compatible electroformed matrices of unknown manufacture, illustrated. Also shows such a matrix which "self-destructed" during casting (illlustrating nature of damage).
Hopkins, Richard L. Richard A. Hill, illus. On "Sets" &c.: The Trials and Tribulations of Casting Monotype Matrices . ["A Keepsake Published for the Fifth Biennial Conference of the American Typecasting Fellowship, Indianapolis, Indiana - July 11-13, 1986."] Terra Alta, WV: Hill & Dale Private Press and Typefoundry, 1986.
Another of Rich Hopkins too-brief, little-known, and absolutely essential books.
Hopkins, Richard L. Origin of the American Point System for Printers' Type Measurement . (Terra Alta, WV: Hill and Dale Private Press and Typefoundry, 1976.)
This is the definitive work on the subject. There was a second edition in 1989.
Hopkins, Richard L. Proper Care and Handling of Metal Printers' Type Terra Alta, WV: Hill & Dale Private Press and Typefoundry, 2001.
Although this is primarily a "user's guide" for the metal-related aspects of handling type, it does include important information on dressing type.
Hopper, A. Raymond. "Fitting: A Vital Step in the Perfecting of a Type Face." in The Inland Printer. 119 (April 1947).
Cited in {Cost 1994]. GET.
Hunter, Dard. "Seventeenth-Century Typemaking." in The Quarterly Notebook. Vol. 1, No. 3 (October, 1916).
Google Books has digitized this but not yet (2009-12) released it. It has been reprinted in Thompson, Jack C., ed. A Dard Hunter Reader. (Portland, OR: The Caber Press / Thompson Conservation Laboratories, 2000): 65-71.
Hurst, C. A. and F. R. Lawrence. Letterpress: Composition and Machine-Work. London: Ernest Benn, Ltd., 1963
Very brief mention of the Nodis Rapid Caster (pp. 23-24) and the Nebitype (p. 27). Not otherwise noteworthy, save that this was the first reference I saw to the Nodis Rapid Caster.
Huss, Richard E. The Development of Printers' Mechanical Typesetting Methods. Charlottesville, VA: The University Press of Virginia for the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1973.
Many "typesetting" machines have also been type/linecasting machines, of course, but Huss goes further than this and discusses (briefly) foundry typecasters, sorts casters, and display casting machines.
---. Dr. Church's "Hoax": An Assessment of Dr. William Church's Typographical Inventions in which is enunciated Church's Law . Lancaster, PA: Graphic Crafts, Inc.
Huss analyzes an 1822 system of inventions by Church for rapidly casting type on demand, composing it (although the problem of justification was not solved), printing from it, and then avoiding distribution by melting and recasting it.
---. The Printer's Composition Matrix: A History of Its Origin and Development. . New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Books, 1985.
A survey of methods and devices rather than a practical treatise.
Hutt, Allen. Fournier: The Compleat Typographer. London: Frederick Muller Ltd., 1972.
Jahn, Hugo. Hand Composition. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1931.
Although this is a general work on printing, it has an interesting section on Gutenberg (and Coster), and in particular on the earlier lead matrices that, in the theories of Gustav Mori, Gutenberg may have used. He illustrates modern reconstructions of these. He also illustrates "an old han-mold." This mold looks to have too little wood on it to hold comfortably, but may be one of the German pattern as opposed to the French pattern with which I am more familiar from Fournier and Moxon.
josepatau, Flickr photostream; see http://www.flickr.com/photos/pepel/; for example: http://www.flickr.com/photos/pepel/254245306/ Accessed 2008-11-15.
Several photographs of punches, matrices, and molds at the Plantin-Moretus Museum, Antwerp, including a cabinet full of molds and the Letter Foundry room.
Johnson, J. R. "On Certain Improvements in the Manufacture of Printing Types." in The Society of Arts of the Institutions in Union. Journal of the Society of Arts of the Institutions in Union and Official Record of Annual International Exhibitions . Vol. 21 (1872-11-22 to 1873-11-14). London: Published for the Society by George Bell and Sons, 1873. Vol. 21, No. 1061 (March 21, 1873): 330-336 (discussion pp. 336-338). Vol. 21, No. 1068 (May 9, 1873), p. 486, letter by R. M. Gill defending the British type casting industry against Johnson's criticisms.
This is an interesting paper not only for the information it has on type casting machines, but for incidental remarks on the methods employed by hand casters to ensure that their hand molds are in fact properly closed for casting. According to Johnson, the English caster employs the sense of touch, and the French caster the sense of hearing. (He says that the English hand casters who objected to machine methods thought that well-cast type was unnecessary for "Gothic" German letters and that the Americans "would, in order to have cheap newspapers, put up with anything."
Available via Google Books in this volume of the Journal of the Society of Arts (see below). Note that in a delightfully surreal touch Google notes this journal as that of the "Winnipeg Science Fiction Society."
Johnson, Herbert H. "Notes on Frederic Warde and the True Story of His Arrighi Type." Fine Print. Vol. ?, Nos. ? (July, 1986). San Francisco, CA: Fine Print, 1978. [Reprinted in Fine Print on Type (1989): 106-113.]
Notable (for our purposes here) for its good illustrations of the punches cut for Arrighi by Georges Plumet for Arrighi, including excellent photographs of six ornamentswhich show well the 3-D form of a punch for a relatively complex ornament.
Jones, Thomas Roy. Printing in American - and American Type Founders. NY: The Newcomen Society of England, American Branch, 1948.
A rather saccharine corporate history by the president of ATF. Rehak does not speak kindly of the period of Jones' presidency of the company.
Kaup, W. J. "Modern Automatic Type Making Methods." American Machinist. Vol. 32 (December 16, 1909): 1042-1046.
Digitized by Google from the Princeton University copy and available via The Hathi Trust (Hathi ID: njp:32101048918864) An extract from the digitization of this volume, containing only Kaup's article, is online on CircuitousRoot.
Kegler, Richard. Making Faces: Metal Type in the 21st Century. Film now available (2011): makingfacesfilm.blogspot.com Trailer on Youtube at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ph0ooDzD4ZQ
This is the more technical of two films about the late Jim Rimmer (the other, still in production as of 2011, is From Lead to Gold). I had the chance to view a screening of the film in-process at the 2010 American Typecasting Fellowship conference in Piqua. I recall what Theo Rehak had to say about Rimmer when he addressed us after the conference banquet. I may have the exact wording wrong here (Theo was speaking with some passion, and my memory never has been good), but he said, effectively "Do you understand what this man has done for you? He's smoothed out Goudy." Rimmer made a version of Goudy's type-making methods work in the 21st century, without the backup of the Lanston Monotype Corporation. Kegler's film shows Rimmers methods. This film is essential.
Kelly, Rob Roy. American Wood Type: 1828-1900. NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1969. (But reissued in 2010 by Liber Apertus Press, Saratoga, CA.)
Yes, this concerns mostly wood type - but there's a fair bit of the history of metal type in it, and in any case it is a remarkable work of scholarship that everyone ought to have.
[Klingspor Museum] http://www.klingspor-museum.de/
They have some good historical information compiled in their archive, including a list of punchcutters and type designers from Gutenberg to the present. http://www.klingspor-museum.de/Kuenstler.htm
Koch, Paul. "The Making of Printing Types." Trans. Otto W. Fuhrmann. in The Dolphin: A Journal of the Making of Books . No. 1. NY: The Limited Editions Club, 1933. Pages 24-57.
Available online at Carnegie-Mellon University's Posner Library: http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/
Rehak cites this in the bibliography of Practical Typecasting with the title "The Punch."
Krenz, David. Electrotyping Matrices: A Handlist. By the author, 2010.
Distributed as a keepsake at the 2010 Conference of the American Typecasting Fellowship, Piqua, Ohio.
Kubler, George A. A New History of Stereotyping. NY: [by the author?], 1941.
Cites James Conner as first to electrotype matrices (pp. 161-162). Has brief discussions of other 19th c. American typefounders.
Lakeside Press. Composing of Hand Type. Chicago: Lakeside Press (R.R.Donnelley), 1940s. Film, 11 min, silent, black and white.
Primarily a film on typesetting, but "Demonstrates ... kerning letters in a display line, shaving type and cutting leads."
Lane, Robert Frederic. "The Bodoni Punches, Matrices and Molds at Parma." Printing and Graphic Arts. Vol. V, No. 4 (December 1957): 61-69.
This is primarily historical, but it does illustrate punches, mats, and molds. The punches, especially, are beautiful.
Lanston Note: Rehak, Practical Typecasting, cites "Display Caster Operator's Manual" and "Plate Book" (p. 215). I'm not sure if these are indeed the actual names of these publications. See below for publications that I know are correctly named because I have them.
Lanston Monotype Machine Company. Adjustments of the Type-&-Rule Caster: For the Type-&-Rule Caster Course of the Monotype School . Philadelphia, PA: Lanston Monotype Machine Company, 1926.
Digitized by CircuitousRoot in The Type-&-Rule Caster Literature.
Lanston Monotype Machine Company. Adjustments of the Type-&-Rule Caster: For the Type-&-Rule Caster Course of the Monotype School . Philadelphia, PA: Lanston Monotype Machine Company, 1953.
Digitized by CircuitousRoot in The Type-&-Rule Caster Literature.
Lanston Monotype Machine Company. Display Type Attachment [& Font Schemes] Philadelphia, PA: Lanston Monotype Machine Company, 1945.
Digitized by CircuitousRoot in The Type-&-Rule Caster Literature.
Lanston Monotype Machine Company or Monotype Corporation [not indicated] Display Wedge Position Hanging Chart [n.d.].
Digitized by CircuitousRoot in The Type-&-Rule Caster Literature.
Lanston Monotype Machine Company. Instructions for Dismantling, Assembling and Adjusting the Monotype Casting Machine. Philadelphia, PA: Lanston Monotype Machine Company, 1918.
Digitized by CircuitousRoot in [Lanston Monotype Composition Caster Technical] Literature.
Lanston Monotype Machine Company. The Monotype System. Philadelphia, PA: Lanston Monotype Machine Company, 1912.
Digitized by Google Books.
Lanston Monotype Machine Company. Parts Price List[:] Monotype Type-&-Rule Caster. Philadelphia, PA: Lanston Monotype Machine Company, 1941.
Digitized by CircuitousRoot in The Type-&-Rule Caster Literature.
As Sky Shipley of Skyline Type Foundry taught me, Monotype parts lists are exceedingly useful to the practical caster not because he or she is going to use them to buy parts but because they indicate which parts constitute what assembly for some particular casting task.
Lanston Monotype Machine Company. Detail Plates [of] The Monotype Casting Machine [-] Illustrations of the Parts of the Monotype Casting Machine with their Names and Symbols . Eleventh Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lanston Monotype Machine Company, 1928.
Digitized by CircuitousRoot in [Lanston Monotype Composition Caster Technical] Literature.
Lasko, David J. "Pinmarks, Nicks, and Grooves: Some Notes on the History of American Typefounding." pp. 3-20. Festina Lente. Vol. 1, No. 1 (February, 1980): 3-20. Rochester, NY: The Melbert B. Cary, Jr. Graphic Arts Collecion, 1980.
Legros, Lucien A. "Typecasting and Composing Machinery."
This is a very long article by Legros on this subject; a sort of a warm-up for Typographical Printing Surfaces (Legros and Grant, 1916) . Published in two versions (at least), both of which are available online via Google Books:
(1) ["Excerpts Minutes of Proceedings of the Meeting of The Institution of Mechanical Engineers in London, 18th December, 1908."] London: The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1908. (The reproduction of this version in Google Books is much better than that of the next version.)
(2) Proceedings [of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers]. 1908, Parts 3-4. London: The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1908. Pages 1027-1222. The reproduction of this version in Google Books is poorer than that of the previous version, and several of the plates are incomplete (it looks as if they were photographed while being turned).
Essential. Emphasis on machine methods. Includes geometrical analysis of Benton's cutting tools.
Legros, Lucien Alphonse and John Cameron Grant. Typographical Printing Surfaces. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1916.
Due to the strange details of copyright law, this book is clearly in the public domain in the US, but its copyright status in England is not knowable (until someone tracks down the date of death of John Cameron Grant). Google Books had scanned this text, but has released it in the US only. Apparently there was also a reprint (NY: Garland Publishing, 1980). More recently, I have placed my scan of the original 1916 edition online at The Internet Archive: http://www.archive.org/details/LegrosGrantTypographicalPrintingSurf aces1916
See also Wallis. "Legros and Grant: The Typographical Connection."
Lawson, Alexander. Anatomy of a Typeface. Boston, MA: David R. Godine, 1990.
A good study of type, but particularly useful because he documents (almost incidentally) the relationships between the artist-designers and the typefoundries and composing/casting machine companies who commissioned and produced the designs. There's a lot of history of the hot metal era hiding in his offhand remarks.
Lewis, Bernard. Behind the Type: The Life Story of Frederic W. Goudy . Pittsburgh, PA: Department of Printing, Carnegie Institute of Technology, 1941.
Digitized by CircuitousRoot: ../ Making Printing Matrices and Type -> Reprinted Literature -> Machine Engraving.
Contains photographs of Goudy's patterns and of Goudy at his industrial (non-Benton-style) pantograph engraver. Also contains "The Ethics and Aesthetics of Type and Typography" by Goudy ("An address delivered at Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, February 12, 1938.")
Lorenz, Rüdiger. Der letzte seines Standes? Der Schriftgießer. ["The last in his trade? The Type-founder"] Film. 28 min. Icking, Germany: Rüdiger Lorenz Filmproducktion, [date?] http://handwerksvideos.de/schriftgiesser.htm
Oh, how I wish I spoke German and had a pocketful of Euros. I haven't seen this, but it looks quite interesting (the Babelfish translation is a hoot, though). It looks to be a film on punchcutting and handcasting.
Loy, William E. "Designers and Engravers of Type." The Inland Printer. (Feb. 1898 - June 1900).
The original articles are [TO DO: Vols. 20, 21, 23]:
Loy, William E., Alastair M. Johnston and Stephen O. Saxe, eds. Nineteenth-Century American Designers and Engravers of Type. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Books, 2009.
This is a modern edition collecting Loy's series of articles "Designers and Engravers of Type" which ran in the Inland Printer (1898-1900) . It has substantial editorial apparatus, including a very useful list of 19th century American type design patents, and is profusely illustrated with specimens of the types cut by these engravers. It should be considered essential for any typefounder.
MacKellar, Thomas. The American Printer. Philadelphia: MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan, [various editions from 1866 on]. 13th edition was dated March, 1882.
This has an excellent, although brief, section with "A Walk Over Our Foundry." Some of the illustrations here were reproduced extensively elsewhere (e.g., the Bruce pivotal caster).
MacKellar, Smiths and Jordan. One Hundred Years. Philadelphia: MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan, 1896.
This is a well-illustrated commemorative volume by the foundry. It isn't a technical work on typefounding, but it does contain some excellent illustrations of their equipment. Although this was produced in 1896, four years after the amalgamation of American Type Founders Company, MSJ put it out under their own name. It is a beautiful, large format book.
Mah, Ryan. From Lead to Gold: Portrait of Jim Rimmer. [Film in production, 2010-2011] www.fromleadtogold.com
This is the more biographical of two films currently (2011) in production about the late Jim Rimmer (the other is Making Faces).
Mallinson, David. "Henry Lewis Bullen and the Typographic Library and Museum of the American Type Founders Company." Dissertation, Columbia University, 1976.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. 215. I haven't yet read it.
Manson, Christopher. "Update for Procedures for Electrodepositing Mats." in American Typecasting Fellowship Newsletter . No. 31 (October, 2006): 31.
Marder, Luse and Co. "Standard Measurement." The Inland Printer. Vol. 2, No. 7 (Apr. 1885): 299.
This is the original publication of "The American System of Interchangeable Type Bodies."
May, Alan. [photograph of a hand mold made by him]. Online at: http://tompainepress.blogspot.com/
McGrew, Mac. American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Book, 1993.
You need this book.
McLeod, Don. "A Jim Rimmer Checklist." DA [Devil's Artisan], A Journal of the Printing Arts. No. 52 (Spring/Summer 2003): 21-26.
The issue of DA containing it was partly devoted to Rimmer and was subtitled Jim Rimmer: Canada's Unique Type Craftsman .
Mergenthaler Linotype Company. Harold Lea, writer and director. Wallace Duquet, narrator. The Eighth Wonder. (Brooklyn, NY: Mergenthaler Linotype Company, 1961 [date by Carl Schlesinger; no date on film itself]) Made by Film Programs, Inc. A promotional film. 23 minutes. N.B., the title is "The Eighth Wonder", not "The Eighth Wonder of the World".
Shows a surviving Blower Linotype in operation. Mergenthaler vertical pantograph (cutter below plate), first cutting a working pattern (raised) and then cutting a punch. Hardening and tempering of punch. Some views of matrix manufacturing. Driving punches by machine, rapidly. A very little on Linotype manufacturing itself, including early CNC machining. Tape control (Teletypesetter or compatible) of the Linotype Comet and Model 29 mixer. The assembler front swinging out and keyrod rack removal on the Comet (nice!) Hydraquadder. Rangemaster Model 35 mixer. Quite a bit on the Linofilm System.
This formerly was available from Carl Schlesinger. Regrettably, this transcription has a number of "drop outs," but it is still a most important work.
Mergenthaler Linotype Company. The Legibility of Type. Brooklyn, NY: The Mergenthaler Linotype Company, 1935.
Contains several illustrations of punch (not matrix) engraving at (US) Linotype. Some of these are clearly the models for the drawn illustrations in Warde's "Cutting Types for the Machines" (see below).
Millington, Roy. Stephenson Blake: The Last of the Old English Typefounders. New Castle, DE and London: Oak Knoll Books and The British Library, 2002.
Necessary for the understanding of English typefounding. The history he reconstructs for the origins of Stephenson, Blake cannot be discovered simply by reading the standard, older texts such as Talbot Baines Reed".
Monotype Corporation Limited. Casting Good Type. Redhill, Surrey, England: The Monotype Corporation Limited, [no date]. With the cooperation of Fry's Metal Foundries, Limited. Film.
Typemetal and assaying (including X-Ray Fluorescence). Dangers of zinc or brass in typemetal. Cleaning and adjusting the melting pot, pump, etc. of the Composition Caster. Matrix damage. Warning not to use all-steel blank matrices in constant-height moulds. Cleaning mats. Remelt, with fluxing. Spectrographic assaying (discharge, not x-ray fluorescence). Space wedge adjustment.
"For the performance of his machine is reflected in a man's life. When one is sweet-running and productive, so is the other."
This film formerly was available from Carl Schlesinger. He combined Making Sure , Handle with Care , and Casting Good Type for a total running time of approx. 1 3/4 hours.
Monotype Corporation Limited. Handle With Care. Salfords, Surrey, England: The Monotype Corporation Limited, [no date]. Film.
It describes in great detail the care, disassembly, cleaning, and reassembly of the (English) Monotype Composition Caster mould. Although a couple of the jokes near the beginning fall flat, this is generally one of the better pieces of technical communication I've seen. Do be aware, though, that it recommends the use of benzene as a cleaning solvent (and illustrates it with the washing of parts with bare hands!) Since then it has been discovered that benzene is carcinogenic, and it should no longer be used as a solvent.
This film formerly was available from Carl Schlesinger. He combined Making Sure , Handle with Care , and Casting Good Type for a total running time of approx. 1 3/4 hours.
Monotype Corporation Limited. 'Making Sure' At the Monotype Works: How the Machines are Made. Film. 1956. Peak Film Productions [from photograph of original canister of companion film, Type Faces in the Making, by Dan Rhatigan] Commentary by Bob Danvers Walker. Directed by R. C. B. Holton
A promotional film showing the Monotype Works at Salfords. This is really only semi-technical, unless one is doing industrial forensics to attempt to understand how components were manufactured (the 3-inch square opening in the matrix case was broached!)
"Filmed about 1956 at the English Monotype factory. shows precise construction and testing of Monotype keyboards/casters/matrices." This film formerly was available from Carl Schlesinger. He combined Making Sure , Handle with Care , and Casting Good Type for a total running time of approx. 1 3/4 hours.
The Monotype Recorder. Vol. 40, No. 1 (Spring 1956)
This number of The Monotype Recorder was published in conjunction with the film "Making Sure" at the Monotype Works: How the Machines are Made .
Monotype Corporation Limited. 'Making Sure' At the Monotype Works: Type Faces In the Making. Film. 1956. Peak Film Productions [from photograph of original canister by Dan Rhatigan] Commentary by Bob Danvers Walker. Directed by R. C. B. Holton
The best reference ever published on the post-WWII English Monotype method of making both composition and display matrices.
"'Monotype' Matrices and Moulds in the Making" [the full issue of] The Monotype Recorder. Vol. 40, No. 3 (Autumn 1956)
This number of The Monotype Recorder was published in conjunction with the film "Making Sure" at the Monotype Works: Type Faces in the Making .
Mori, Gustav. "The Essence of Gutenberg's Invention." Ars Typographica. Vol. II, No. 2 (October, 1925): 101-144. NY: Douglas C. McMurrie, 1925.
Available online (from the Univ. of Michigan copy) at the Hathi Trust. (Google Books has it, too, but has not yet (2008) released it.)
[Moseley] The blog of James Mosley, http://typefoundry.blogspot.com
See especially especially "The Materials of Typefounding" 2006-01-06: http://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2006/01/materials-of-typefounding.html and "Recasting Caslon Old Face" 2009-01-04.
Exceptional. January 2006 has an exhaustive list of places preserving typefounding materials. February 2007 has a definitive treatment of the origins of Scotch Roman. March 2007, March 2008, July 2008 on large brass and lead matrices. April 2007 on Drawing the Type Mould. August 2007 on casting from Bodoni's moulds. Many really good photographs of punches and matrices throughout.
Moseley, James, Justin Howes, and Nigel Roche. Founder's London A-Z. London: The [European] Friends of the St. Bride's Printing Library, 1998.)
This is a curious publication. It masquerades as a showing of ITC Founder's Caslon, but that's just what they did to get money to pay for it. What it really is is a gazeteer or walking companion to the historic typefounding locations of London (whether they exist today or not). It has an introductory essay, "A Typographical Pilgrimmage," by James Moseley, and its research is credited to Justin Howes and Nigel Roche. It is important because it does more than simply identify locations - it gives in snippet form a great deal of hard-to-find historical information about English typefounding.
This was printed in a very small edition, but St. Bride's has made it available online at: http://stbride.org/friends/publications/gazette.pdf
Note also that (as of 2011 at least) someone has put a copy on that singularly irritating file-sharing service, scribd. Regrettably, this (not the St. Bride's instance) is the one which comes up most often in Google. It may be viewed, with exquisite pain, on scribd at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/238946/Founders-of-London
Moxon, Joseph. Mechanick Exercises [the Second Volume]: Or, the Doctrine of Handy-Works Applied to the Art of Printing . London: [for the author], 1683-1684.
The first volume of Moxon's Mechanick Exercises concerned blacksmithing, joinery, turning, and the like; while it is perhaps the most important historical document in the history of technology in English, it does not concern the matters of this Notebook. It appeared serially, and hence as a collection often bears the date of 1703 (which is after the second volume, which can be confusing). The second volume, on printing, has as sections: "The Art of Printing," "The Art of Letter-Cutting," "The Art of Mold-Making, Sinking the Matrices, Cating and Dresing of Printing Letters," "The Compositors Trade," and "The Press-Mans Trade."
Moxon, Joseph. Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing. First Edition (1683). In two volumes. Ed. Theo. L. DeVinne NY: The Typothetæ of the City of New York, 1896.
The DeVinne reprinting of Moxon is available online via Google Books. I have local copies of these. You still really need to get the Davis & Carter edition (see below) .
Moxon, Joseph. Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing. Ed. Herbert Davis and Harry Carter. Second edition (1962). NY: Dover Publications, 1978.
The Davis & Carter edition is well worth getting.
Mullen, Robert A. Recasting a Craft: St. Louis Typefounders Respond to Industrialization . Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2005.
This is a new version of the Davis & Carter edition, edited by John Lane.
[NBS] Regulation of Electrotyping Solutions. "Bureau of Standards Circular 13." (1915).
This is cited as such in Rice, Part 3, but I'm not sure that this reference isn't in error. NBS Circular 13 is "Standard Specifications for the Purchase of Incandescent Lamps." NBS Circular 52 seems to be the one on electrotyping (see Circular of the Bureau of Standards, No. 52, "Regulation of Electrotyping Solutions" (1915), below. ). Perhaps there is a Circular 13 in a different series of which I am unaware?
[NBS] US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Standards. Circular of the Bureau of Standards, No. 52, "Regulation of Electrotyping Solutions" (1915, 1916). First Edition issued January 25, 1915. Second Edition issued
Google Books has digitized the first and second editions, and I've made local copies of them here at CircuitousRoot.
Nelson, Stan. "Cutting Anglo-Saxon Sorts" [in "On Type" column] Fine Print. Vol. 12, No. 4 (October, 1986): 228-229.
This is an account of Nelson's making (punchcutting, matrix justification, casting) of Anglo-Saxon sorts to match Jan Krimpen's 1928 Romanée typeface in 16 point. It is a general overview of the project, not a starting place for learning the techniques. It does have a nice drawing by Nelson of punches, matrices, a scribe, files, and gravers; this could be useful in making one's own gravers.
Nelson, R. Stan. From Punch to Printing Type: The Art and Craft of Hand Punchcutting and Typecasting . (Videotape) NY: Columbia University School of Library Service, 1985.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. 215. Essential. This is still available (in VHS and DVD) from the Book Arts Press of the Rare Books Schoold of the University of Virginia. Update 2011: now on DVD from Book Arts Press.
Nelson, Stan. "Mold Making, Matrix Fitting, and Hand Casting. Visible Language. Vol. XIX, No. 1 (Winter 1985): 106-121.
Exactly what it says it is. Essential, but too brief.
Nelson, Stan. [Personal website] http://www.geocities.com/rsn_website/recreations.html. Accessed October 2008.
Nelson, Stan. [See also Stephen Fry, above]
Photographs of punches and hand molds of his construction.
Nelson, Stan. Interviewed by Schuyler R. Shipley. Photographs by Johanna Shipley and Jim Walczak. "Stan Nelson on The Type Dressing Bench." Kampsville, IL: Skyline Type Foundry, 2010.
[Nelson] See also Burnette. Out of Sorts [film]
Nuernberger, Philip T. Electrolytic Matrices. Reprint. Kalamazoo, MI: The Private Press and Typefoundry of Paul Hayden Duensing, 1966.
[Nuernberger-Rettig Universal Typecaster, advertisement in] Printing Trades Blue Book [Chicago Edition] Chicago: A. F. Lewis and Co., 1911. P. 165.
[Nuernberger-Rettig] "History of Nuernberger-Rettig Typecasting Machine and Its Inventor Revealed in Obscure 1916 Journal." American Typecasting Fellowship Newsletter. No. 33 (October, 2009): 6.
A reprint of an article (without its original title) on the Nuernberger-Rettig from Typesetting Machine Engineers' Journal, [only issue] (April, 1916). Photograph of Philip G. Nuernberger.
Parker, Mike. "Typefounder's Molds in the Plantin-Moretus Museum." The Library. Vol. 29, No. 1 (March, 1974): 93-102.
Cited in Rice, Part 2.
Partington, C[harles]. F[rederick]. The Printer's Complete Guide. London: Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper, 1825.
Plate V (p. 16 of the Google PDF of the Harvard copy) illustrates "Henfry [sic, for Henfrey] and Applegath's Type Founding Apparatus." This is described on pp. 284-287 (pp. 109-112 of the Google PDF). Online on Google Books (Harvard copy).
Patau, Jose. See "josepatau", above. (Flickr photostream; photos of Plantin-Moretus Museum.)
Patents, Commissioner of, United Kingdom. B. Woodcroft, ed. Patents for Inventions: Abridgments of Specifications Relating to Printing . London: George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode, 1859.
Louis John Ponchée, No. 4826 (1823-08-05), "Certain machinery or apparatus to be employed in the casting of metal types." (p. 165; Google PDF p. 186).
John Henfry [sic]and Augustus Applegath, No. 4850 (1823-10-09), "Certain machinery for casting types." (p. 166; Google PDF p. 187).
Online on Google Books (Harvard copy).
Penny Cyclopædia of The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Vol. 25 ("Titles of HOnour - Ungula") London: Charles Knight and Co., 1843.
This contains a woodcut of a type mold, closed, jet up (p. 455). It is the same illustration (indeed, the same article) which appears in Knight's English Cyclopædia (1867).
Phillips' Old-Fashioned Type Book. NY: Frederic Nelson Phillips, Inc., 1945.
Frederic Nelson Phillips was a printer and a collector of 19th century types. He offered composition service from them as reproduction proofs in the mid 20th century. This volume is particularly interesting as it is printed from these original types and often shows a more complete character set than the original foundry showings.
Pinkerton, H. L. and Frank X. Carlin. "Electroforming," chapter 17 of Electroplating Engineering Handbook. (NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1971).
Cited in Rice, Part 2.
Powell, Arthur C. [J.?] A Short History of the Art of Printing in England. London: Joseph M. Powell, "Printers' Register" Office, 1877. ["Issued as a supplement to the "Printers' Register" in Commemoration of the Four Hundredth Anniversary of the Introduction of Printing Into England.]
Illustrates a Bruce-style caster (in a common cut). Illustrates Johnson and Atkinson's Type Caster. Cites makers of type casting machines: Bruce (1834, characterised as a pump for hand casting), Bessember (1838, failed), Bruce (no date, full mechanization), Miller and Richard (1848, introduced Bruce caster to UK and improved it), and Johnson and Atkinson (1859, 1862; type casting and automatic dressing). Also cites Henri Didot, Ponchée, and Brockhaus. Online via Google Books.
Prechtl. Technologische Encyklopädie. Stuttgart: [?], 1850.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. xiv. I haven't seen it (and can't read German).
Pye, Alfred. "Typefounding." The Inland Printer. Vol. 3, No. 1 (October, 1885): 29-30. Vol. 3, No. 2 (November, 1885): 84-85. Vol. 3, No. 3 (December, 1885): 143-144. Vol. 3, No. 4 (January, 1886): 203-204. Vol. 3, No. 5 (February, 1886): 258-259. [Also reproduced in Annenberg's Typographical Journey through The Inland Printer , pp. 66-272.]
This is a relatively conventional account. It is noteworthy, though, for having in No. 3 (p. 144) a reproduction of the illustration from Moxon of a typecaster at a furnace with mold and ladle in hand. This version of this illustration is clearly free from all copyright that might or might not be asserted for reproductions in modern reprints, and is thus extremely important for the amateur writer on typefounding. The cuts in this article (and perhaps also this one from Moxon) are courtesy of Theodore De Vinne (see note on p. 25 of the October number).
This same Number also reproduces a hand mold of a type unlike the French pattern in Fournier or Moxon; it might be of the German type. It is interesting because in place of the male and female gauges it has pins and holes (and it also has wings), and because it has an interesting method of holding the matrix. Moreover, it reproduces illustrations of machine molds for a Bruce-style machine. These latter are the exact same cuts which appear often, elsewhere; it would be worthwhile to track down their origins.
Number 4 (January 1886, p. 203) has a good illustration of a Bruce-style typecasting machine - a much better cut than many which appeared later.
Reed, Talbot Baines. A History of the Old English Letter Foundries. London: Elliot Stock, 1887.
Available online via Google Books.
Rehak, Theo. The Dale Guild Type Foundry. http://www.daleguild.com/
He has a number of good photographs of traditional typefounding tools.
---. The Fall of ATF: A Serio-Comedic Tragedy. [Printed privately], 2004.
---. Practical Typecasting. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Books, 1993.
This is the modern source. It is essential. It is not, however, an introductory text, and it assumes some degree of familiarity with the processes and equipment.
Reuter, William. "Jim Rimmer: Canada's Unique Type Craftsman." in DA [Devil's Artisan], A Journal of the Printing Arts, Vol. 52 (Spring/Summer 2003): 3-14.
This is a good, typographically aware but nontechnical, introduction to Rimmer's work. The issue of DA containing it was partly devoted to Rimmer and was subtitled, after this lead article, Jim Rimmer: Canada's Unique Type Craftsman .
Rhatigan, Daniel ("ultrasparky"), Flickr photostream; see http://www.flickr.com/photos/ultrasparky/; for example: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ultrasparky/483711910/ Accessed 2008-11-15.
Several photographs of punches, nd molds at the Plantin-Moretus Museum, Antwerp, including Guy Hutsebaut demonstrating a hand mold.
Rice, Roy. Matrix Making at the Oxford University Press: With notes on the same process as used at The Recalcitrant Press. Atlanta, GA: The Recalcitrant Press, 1982.
Written at the 1982 meeting of the American Typefounding [sic; Typecasting] Fellowship in Oxford, UK. Also cited in Rehak's Practical Typecasting, p. 215.
"Issued via the World Wide Web, 1999." Due to what are I presume difficulties in the migration of files, some of this presentation is difficult to access unless you're willing to look "under the covers" at the raw HTML encoding. Still, this is an important work which is worth tracking down. The following links worked in 2011:
N.B. The bibliographic reference in Part 1 to Schraubstadter contains two errors. Since this is an important work, this warrants correction. The correct citation is: "Electrotype Matrices" [not "Electrolytic"] The Inland Printer. Vol. 4, No. 6 (March, 1887 [not May 1884]): 382.
Rimmer, Jim. "The Cutting of Cartier in Metal." DA [Devil's Artisan], A Journal of the Printing Arts. No. 52 (Spring/Summer 2003): 15-20.
Rimmer's own description of his using his Weibking-Ludlow pantograph combined with Goudy's paper master pattern method to engrave working patterns and then pattern types for electroforming of matrices.
The issue of DA containing it was partly devoted to Rimmer and was subtitled Jim Rimmer: Canada's Unique Type Craftsman .
Rimmer, Jim. "Engraving Type Designs in Lead." The Devil's Artisan. No. 15 (1984): 14-20. [N.B., the table of contents of this issue gives the title as "Engraving Type Designs in Metal."]
On the hand-engraving (no pantograph) of patrices on typemetal quads for electroforming matrices for Juliana Oldstyle. This is a reprint, with additional comments and with new (and very nice) illustrations of the process, of an article which previously appeared under the title Original Font Cut in Lead, Matrics [sic] Are Electroformed" in the American Typecasting Fellowship Newsletter, q.v. , which in turn was presented by Rimmer at the 1984 ATF conference in Washington, DC.
Rimmer, Jim. "Goudy's Kaatskill: Reviving a Type." Amphora No. 76 (June, 1989): 22-24. Vancouver, BC, Canada: The Alcuin Society, 1989.
This is a brief article by Rimmer on his creation of a digital version of Goudy's Kaatskill, the materials of which were lost, for Giampa Textware. It is of interest to the metal typefounder primarily because of Rimmer's insights into the details of type design. This issue of Amphora also includes an interview, "When Rip Woke Up," conducted by Stuart Isto with Jim Rimmer and Gerald Giampa on their work using Ikarus to digitize historical types. The cover of the issue is a linoleum block print of Goudy (looking more than a bit like JS Bach) at the microscope inspecting an engraving cutter; it was cut by Rimmer and the cover was printed letterpress by Rimmer. A specimen of Kaatskill (digital) was inserted.
Rimmer, Jim. "I Came to Love Monotypes." [letter to the Editor] American Typecasting Fellowship Newsletter. No. 4 (March, 1980).
This is a very brief note which indicates that by this date Rimmer had acquired a Monotype Composition Caster and Keyboard, a Monotype Material Maker, and a Thompson (purchased "last summer"). He was at the time "searching for some sort of matrix cutting machine" and acknowledges Paul Hayden Duensing's help in learning to electroform matrices.
Rimmer, Jim. Leaves from the Pie Tree: Memories From the Composing Room Floor . New Westminster, BC, Canada: Pie Tree Press & Type Foundry, 2006. 68pp. 40 copies printed.
See images from this book at the p22/Rimmer Type Foundry website: http://p22.com/rtf/pietree.html.
Rimmer's Pie Tree Press (2008, Gaspereau Press) was "derived" (Rimmer's term) from this book, with additions.
Rimmer, Jim. "Original Font Cut in Lead, Matrics [sic] Are Electroformed." American Typecasting Fellowship Newsletter, No. 9 (May, 1984): 27-31. Note: This issue mistakenly say "Number 11" on its masthead.
On the hand-engraving (no pantograph) of patrices on typemetal quads for electroforming matrices for Juliana Oldstyle. This is Rimmer's written version of a presentation that he gave to the American Typecasting Fellowship at its fourth conference, held in Washington, DC in June, 1984. This article was reprinted, with additions and illustrations, as "Engraving Type Designs in Lead" in The Devil's Artisan, No. 15 (q.v.)
Rimmer, Jim. "Pantograph Notes for Alex [Widen]." http://www.CircuitousRoot.com/artifice/letters/press/typemaking/literature/general/index#rimmer-pantograph-letters-to-alex-widen-sent-to-dmm-2011-08-09
Two letters by Jim Rimmer to Alex Widen, proprietor of Alden Press, Clinton, B.C. on artwork, master and working patterns, matrix blanks, cutter grinding, and the use of the pantograph. These are amazing. They do presume that you already understand the process, but given that you do this is like having Rimmer sit down beside you and tell you about all of the tricky parts that took him years of effort to learn.
Rimmer, Jim. Pie Tree Press: Memories from the Composing Room Floor . Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada: Gaspereau Press, 2008.
Illus. by Jim Rimmer, plus photographs. With a sampling of Rimmer Type Foundry types, introduced by Andrew Steeves. With "A Partial Bibliography" of Rimmeriana by Eric Swanick. 124pp + colophon. ISBN: 978-1-55447-062-4. Library & Archives Canada CIP: Z116 .A44 R45 2008 686.2'2092 C2008-904390-1.
This is an autobiography by Jim Rimmer, with information on and illustrations of his matrix making and typefounding procedures. It was "derived" (Rimmer's term) from his 2006 Leaves from the Pie Tree.
There is an error in Swanick's bibliography. He lists "I Have to Love Monotypes [letter to the Editor]," in ATF Newsletter, No. 4 (March 1980): 4." The actual title of this letter is "I Came to Love Monotypes," and it is on p. 6. This error is repeated in the 2010 revision of Swanick's bibliography in DA 66 .
Rimmer, Jim. "Typefounding in Vancouver's Chinatown." American Typecasting Fellowship Newsletter, No. 13 (April, 1990): 6-13.
Rimmer worked at various Chinese-language printing houses in Vancouver occasionally from 1952. This article is fascinating for any number of reasons.
It contains the only reference I've seen to copying (borrowed) matrices by making Bakelite impressions of them and electroforming new matrices.
It contains one of the few references in the literature to the Man-Nen typecasting machine, owned by the Ho Sun Hing Printing company, with illustrations of the machine.
It contains one of the few references in the literature to the Hua Nan typecasting machine, manufactured in Taiwan. Rimmer purchased this machine during the course of writing the article, along with 6,000 12-point Chinese matrices.
Rimmer, Jim. "What Not to Do when Repairing a Thompson." American Typecasting Fellowship Newsletter, No. 32 (August 2008): 24.
Use cast iron, not steel, for Thompson pot repairs.
[Rimmer] "Jim Rimmer: Canada's Unique Type Craftsman." being DA [Devil's Artisan], A Journal of the Printing Arts, Vol. 52 (Spring/Summer 2003).
About half of this number of the journal is devoted to Rimmer. The three articles are these (each is also listed separately in this present Bibliography):
[Rimmer] "A Tribute to Jim Rimmer," being DA [Devil's Artisan], A Journal of the Printing Arts, Vol. 66 (Spring/Summer 2010).
This is an entire issue of the journal devoted to Rimmer, just after his death in January 2010. Beautifully produced and well illustrated. With a keepsake card printed digitally after a linocut by Rimmer. Contents:
There is an error in Swanick's bibliography. He lists "I Have to Love Monotypes [letter to the Editor]," in ATF Newsletter, No. 4 (March 1980): 4." The actual title of this letter is "I Came to Love Monotypes," and it is on p. 6. This error was also present in the 2008 version of Swanick's bibliography in Pie Tree Press .
Ringwalt, John Luther. The American Encyclopedia of Printing. Philadelphia: Menamin and Ringwalt, 1871. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Co., 1871.
Type (p. 469; Google p. 530). Cross-sectional illustration of a type founding establishment (Google p. 536). Type Founding (p. 473; Google p. 538). Type-Casting Machines (p. 476; Google p. 541). Illustration of a (Bruce) Type-Casting Machine (p. 477; Google p. 542). Type Gauge (and illustration of an unusual triangular-cross-section type gauge (like an architect's or engineer's triangular rule) (p. 477/478; Google p. 542/543). Typecasting patents 249/g286. Online via Google Books.
Note - type founders mentioned in Ringwalt: Aldus, Buell, Binny, Bruce, Conner, Johnson, Lothian, Garamond, Jenson, Saur, Scheffer, Sweynheim, Tory, Wells.
Rollins, Carl Purington. "A Brief and General Discourse on Type." in A History of the Printed Book: Being the Third Number of The Dolphin Ed. Lawrence C. Wroth. NY: The Limited Editions Club, 1938. Pages 297-321.
Available online at Carnegie-Mellon University's Posner Library: http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/ Includes photographs of hand mold, punches, Plantin's printing shop, Church, Barth, and other type casters, the Blower Linotype, the Monotype, Monotype and Linotype matrices.
Rueter, William. "Jim Rimmer: Canada's Unique Type Craftsman." DA [Devil's Artisan], A Journal of the Printing Arts. No. 52 (Spring/Summer 2003): 2-14.
A good, but nontechnical, introduction to Jim Rimmer. N.B., the cover and keepsake in this issue of DA are by Rimmer. The keepsake is a card with a woodcut self-portrait of Rimmer hand-engraving pattern types at the microscope.
Ruppel, A. Die Technik Gutenbergs und ibre Vorstufen. 1961.
I haven't read this. A photograph in this volume of a hand mold at the Gutenberg Museum, Mainz, is reproduced in Scholderer's Johann Gutenberg (1963).
Savoie, Alice, Flickr photostream; see http://www.flickr.com/photos/alicesavoie/; for example, http://www.flickr.com/photos/alicesavoie/484088471/ Accessed 2008-11-15.
Small photographs of punches at the Plantin-Moretus Museum, Antwerp, including music punches.
Scholderer, Victor. Johann Gutenberg: The Inventor of Printing. London: The British Museum, 1963.
Contains a photograph reproduced from A. Ruppel, Die Technik Gutenbergs und ibre Vorstufen (1961) of a hand mold from the Gutenberg Museum in Mainz. This mold greatly resembles the one drawn in Jahn's Hand Composition (1931). Though shown held in the hands, it looks to be entirely without insulating wood.
Schmets, Ronald. Vom Schriftgießen: Porträt der Firma D. Stempel, Frankfurt am Main. (Darmstadt: Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, 1987). ISBN: 3-88607-050-6.
It is easy to conflate this with Wilkes' Das Schriftgießen (1990) ; they are separate works.
Images from this book have been put on the flickr account of interrobang918. He mentions Wilkes, but I have doublechecked his images against images known to me (via friends) to be from Schmets' Vom Schriftgießen; they are indeed, just as he says, from Schmets' Vom Schriftgießen.
Schraubstadter, Jr., Carl. "Electrotype Matrices." The Inland Printer. Vol. 4, No. 6 (March, 1887 [not May 1884]): 382.
I've reprinted this here at CircuitousRoot. Note that the correct title is "Electrotype Matrices" (not "Electrolytic," as it is sometimes cited).
Shepherd, E.G. Typography for Students. London: Macdonald & Evans, Ltd., 1966.
Contains a brief description of punchcutting and typefounding (pp. 24-29) with a drawing of a punchcutter at work. (It really looks as if he's working on a rail anvil!) Also contains a description of the "Nebitype" noncomposing linecaster (Nebiola company, Italy). This is similar to a Ludlow but where the Ludlow injects type metal vertically the Nebitype injects it horizontally.
Silver, Rollo G. "Trans-Atlantic Crossing: The Beginning of Electrotyping in America." Journal of the Printing Historical Society. No. 10 (1974/1975): 84-103.
I have not yet read this. David Krenz lists it in his Handlist
Silver, Rollo G. Typefounding in America: 1787-1825. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1965.
Reproduces an excellent engraving of a hand mold (with male/female gauges, not wings) from Abraham Rees' Cyclopædia (1810-1842). Also reproduces an engraving of Elihu White's typecasting machine (from the British Patent specification of 1806; the US patent was, I believe, lost in the 1836 patent office fire). Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. 215.
"Skopeo, of No. Six" "The Typefounder's Art. A Bit of Its History, Ancient and Modern, and a Detailed Technical Description of the Methods and Machines Used in Casting Type." Part 1 in The Typographical Journal. Vol. IX, No. 6 (September 15, 1896). Indianapolis: International Typographical Union, 1896. pp: 211-214 (Google PDF p. 887ff). Part 2 in The Typographical Journal. Vol. IX, No. 7 (October 1, 1896). Indianapolis: International Typographical Union, 1896. pp: 253-256 (Google PDF p. 939ff).
This brief article contains illustrations of a punch, a struck but unjustified matrix, a justified matrix, the Bruce type caster, the Barth type caster, a type fresh from the caster (with jet), and a dressed type.
Smeijers, Fred. Counterpunch: Making Type in the Sixteenth Century[;] Designing Typefaces Now . Ed. Robin Kinross. London: Hyphen Press, 1996.
Essential for hand punchcutting; unusual.
The Society of Arts of the Institutions in Union. Journal of the Society of Arts of the Institutions in Union and Official Record of Annual International Exhibitions . Vol. 20 (1871-11-17 to 1872-11-15). London: Published for the Society by George Bell and Sons, 1872.
Vol. 20, No. 1030 (Aug 16, 1872), p 787, has a tantalizing article which mentions (without identifying them) two type casting machine, one apparently also a composing machine, displayed at the Paris exhibition of 1967. One is said to be French, the other English.
Vol. 20, No. 1039 (Ocrober 18, 1872), pp. 903- cotains a description of Printing Machinery at the International Exhibition of 1872. This includes, on p. 909, an illustration of a "Type Casting Machine" which is identical to the machine of Johnson and Atkinson shown in Powell (1877).
Available via Google Books.
The Society of Arts of the Institutions in Union. Journal of the Society of Arts of the Institutions in Union and Official Record of Annual International Exhibitions . Vol. 21 (1872-11-22 to 1873-11-14). London: Published for the Society by George Bell and Sons, 1873.
Contains J.R. Johnson's paper "On Certain Improvements in the Manufacture of Printing Types." Vol. 21, No. 1061 (March 21, 1873): 330-336 (discussion pp. 336-338) (Google PDF pp. 341-349. In Vol. 21, No. 1068 (May 9, 1873), p. 486, R. M. Gill writes a letter to the Journal defending the British type casting industry against Johnson's criticisms.
Available via Google Books, who, for reasons inexplicable, catalog it as the production of the "Winnipeg Science Fiction Society."
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Committee of General Literature and Education. The History of Printing. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1855.
It mentioned type casting machines by Nicholson (1790), Church (dated to 1825), L. J. Pouchée (no date), and Applegath (1824). Online at Google Books (Bodleian copy).
Soulé, A. R. Electro-Formed Matrices / Electro-Forming. Paper presented at the second annual Conference of the American Typecasting Fellowship, held in NY in 1980 under the name "Second National Conference on Typecasting and Design."
Southall, Richard. Printer's Type in the Twentieth Century: Manufacturing and Design Methods . London: The British Library and New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press, 2005.
Southall's primary focus is the interplay between design and technology (which is important, but which can be a distraction when one's focus is for the moment just on the technology), and most of his material comes from the photographic and digital periods of typemaking. But his earlier chapters cover metal and hot metal type well, and include both some quantified information and some illustrations not found elsewhere (such as the Kämpf matrix-engraving pantograph and the use of a non-Benton Benton-style punch engraver at the D. Stempel foundry in 1978).
Southward, John. Progress in Printing and the Graphic Arts during the Victorian Era. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent and Co., Ltd., 1897.
This is a popular work, but it does have an account of some aspects of hand typefounding of the fate of Pouchée's machine (and references for this account), Bruce's, and Johnson's, as well as images of typefounding from 1837 and the late 19th century. His account of hand typefounding, which includes the characterization of typefounders as doing St. Vitus' dance, is a thinly altered appropriation of the account presented under the title "The Printer's Devil" ( Quarterly Review. Vol. 65, No. 129 (1839).
Southward, John, and Hugh Munro Ross. "Typography." Encyclopædia Britannica. Eleventh Edition, NY: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, 1911. Vol. 27, pages 509-548.
Spencer, Thomas. "On Working in Metal by Voltaic Electricity." The Printer. i. (1858): 6.
Cited in Rice, Part 1.
Starr, Thomas W. United States patent No. 4,130. Issued 1845-08-04. "Improvement in Preparing Matrices for Type by the Electrotyping Process" (n.b., on the drawing it is entitled "Type Machine").
I've reprinted this here at CircuitousRoot.
Täubel. Wörterbuch der Buchdruckerkunst und Schriftgiesserey. Vienna: [?], 1805.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. xiv, and in Carter's edition of Fournier, p. xi. I haven't seen it (and can't read German).
Thibaudeau, F. La Lettre d'Imprimerie. Paris: [?], 1921.
Cited in Carter's edition of Fournier, p. xi. I haven't seen it (and can't read French).
Thompson, John S. "Composing Machines - Past and Present." Serialized in fourteen installments in The Inland Printer, monthly from Vol. 30, No. 1 (October 1902) through Vol. 32, No. 2 (November 1903). (Chicago: The Inland Printer Company, 1902-1903.)
For the most part Thompson covers composing machines, but many of these involved casting apparatus. This series later became his 1904 History of Composing Machines.
---. History of Composing Machines. Chicago: The Inland Printer Company, 1904.
While his primary focus is composing machines (including those which cast type), Thompson also covers (and illustrates) the Church typecaster, the Wicks Rotary Typecaster, and the Compositype Sorts Caster. See also the note for Thompson's "Composing Machines - Past and Present," above.
This volume may have been reprinted by Garland Publishing, bound together with Thompson's The Mecahnism of the Linotype and with an introduction by Bruce L. Johnson, perhaps in the early 1980s. (I don't have the exact citation, and haven't seen the work.)
Wallis, L. W. "Legros and Grant: The Typographical Connection." Journal of the Printing Historical Society. No. 28 (1999): 5-39.
Discusses not only Typographical Printing Surfaces but also the work of Grant, Legros & Co., the Grantype system, and their matrix engraving.
Walters, Gregory Jackson. Auction of the Century: The Sale of the American Type Founders Company . "Square Text" No. 9 (Autumn, 1994). Clinton, MI: Square Text Press [Phillip Driscoll], 1994.
Walters, Gregory Jackson. "Electro Mat Making Article Put to the Test - and Passes." American Typecasting Fellowship Newsletter. No. 28 (Dec. 2003): 23.
This article reports on the application of the techniques presented in Anderson's article " Practical Electrotyping Guide," which appeared in the ATF Newsletter No. 27.
Warde, Beatrie L. "Cutting Types for the Machines: A Layman's Account." in The Dolphin: A Journal of the Making of Books . No. 2. NY: The Limited Editions Club, 1935. Pages 60-70.
Available online at Carnegie-Mellon University's Posner Library: http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/
Werner, N. J. An Address by N. J. Werner of St. Louis. St. Louis: [St. Louis Club of Printing House Craftsmen, 1931.
Reprinted in the CircuitousRoot Notebook on N. J. Werner This "Address" was reprinted in 1941 as "St. Louis in Type-Founding History (see below)
Reprinted in the CircuitousRoot Notebook on N. J. Werner This is a reprint of Werner's 1931 "An Address" presented to the St. Louis Club of Printing House Craftsmen (see above)
Werner, N. J. "Saint Louis' Place on the Typefounders' Map." The Inland Printer. Vol. 79, No. 5 (August 1927): 764-766.
Reprinted in the CircuitousRoot Notebook on N. J. Werner
Cites early direct engraving of matrices by machines for the Central Type Foundry's faces "Geometric," "Geometric Italic," and "Morning Glory." Geometric was introduced in 1882 (according to Eckman, p. 9).
Werner, N. J. "Wiebking Created Popular Faces in Chicago, Friend Discloses." The Inland Printer. Vol. 90, No. 2 (November 1932): 71-73.
Reprinted in the CircuitousRoot Notebook on N. J. Werner
[Wicks typecaster.] "Items of Interest [column]." The Inland Printer. Vol. 3, No. 1 (Oct. 1885): 67.
Just a brief mention of the Wicks typecaster, capable of casting 100 letters per second.
Wilkes, Walter Das Schriftgießen: Von Stempelschnitt, Matrizenfertigung und Letterguss: eine Dokumentation von Walter Wilkes . Stuttgart: Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, 1990. ISBN: 3776203110. ISBN-13: 978377620311.
It is easy to conflate this with Schmets' Vom Schriftgießen (1987) ; they are separate works.
See ATF Newsletter No. 12 (April 1988), p. 7.
Wilson, Patrick. "Biographical Account of Alexander Wilson, M. D. late Professor of Practical Astronomy in Glasgow." Read at the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1789-02-02. Published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 10: 279–97. Reprinted in The Edinburgh Journal of Science. Vol. 10, No. 1 (Jan., 1829): 1-17.
This has very little to do with Wilson's typefounding (and nothing of technical typefounding), but is nonetheless interesting. Here is a local copy of the account, extracted from the version online at the lovely Biodiversity Heritage Library: alexander-wilson-biography-edinburgh-journal-of-science-v10-n1-1829.pdf The entire journal may be viewed online at: http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2526620
Wolf, Lucien. Exhibition and Market of Machinery, Implements and Material Used by Printers, Stationers, Papermakers and Kindred Trades[:] Official Catalogue of Exhibits . London: Robert Dale, 1880.
This contains an interesting, though brief, article which explains who the foundries in the "Associated Founders" (in the UK: Caslon & Co., Stephenson, Blake & Co., V. and J. Figgins, Sir Charles Reed & Sons., and Miller & Richard) were and their interactions with Johnson's typecasting machine and the Patent Type Foundry which he originated.
Zoghbi, Pascal. "The First Arabic Script Printing Press in Lebanon." Blog entry on 2009-01-05 in 29 Arabic Letters blog: http://29letters.wordpress.com/2009/01/05/the-first-arabic-press/
Arabic typecasting and printing. Photographs of a hand mold and matrices. Also wooden-handled punches which may or may not have been used to create the matrices. Also typemetal type which may have been hand-carved. Also a wooden composing stick.
The Typographic Messenger.
This may have been the house organ of D. & G. Bruce. See esp. Vol. II (Nov. 1866): David Bruce, Jr. "Mr. George Buxton Lothian." Vol. III (Nov. 1867).
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